Las amandla ahlaziyekayo, eyaziwa ngokuba namandla acocekileyo, yilawo afunyanwa kwimithombo yendalo engapheliyo njengelanga, amanzi okanye umoya. Inzuzo enkulu yamandla avuselelekayo kukuba ukusetyenziswa kwawo akuvelisi iigesi ze-greenhouse okanye ezinye izinto ezikhutshwayo ezingcolisayo ezinobungozi kwindalo. Imizekelo yamandla ahlaziyekayo ngamanzi, isola, umoya, amaza olwandle, amandla obushushu obuphantsi komhlaba okanye amandla enziwe kwibiomass. Nangona ezinye zazo zixhomekeke kwiimeko zemozulu, inzuzo yazo enkulu kukuba zifumaneka ngokungenamkhawulo kwindalo.
Ngaphandle kweenzuzo zala mandla, kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwawo kukwabonisa izinto ezingeloncedo ezithile ekufuneka zivavanywe ukuqonda ukusebenza kwazo kunye neendleko. Yintoni engenakuphikiswa kukuba, kungekudala okanye kamva, siya kunyanzeleka ukuba sandise ukusetyenziswa kwale mithombo yamandla, ekubeni amafutha efosili, njengeoli okanye amalahle, anqongophele yaye angcolisa kakhulu. Amandla avuselelekayo awabalulekanga nje kuphela ekuqinisekiseni uzinzo lwendalo esingqongileyo, kodwa nokuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa kwamandla kwixesha elizayo.
Izinto eziluncedo zamandla ahlaziyekayo
Iinzuzo zamandla avuselelekayo zicacile kwaye zininzi. Ngezantsi zezona zibonelelo ziphambili ezibonelelwa yile mithombo yamandla:
- Abangcolisi: Ngokungakhuphi i-CO2 okanye ezinye iigesi ze-greenhouse, ziyindlela engakumbi ye-ikholoji kumafutha efosili. Oku kunciphisa impembelelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokuphucula umgangatho womoya.
- Azipheli: Amandla ahlaziyekayo avela kwimithombo yendalo engaphelelwayo, njengelanga nomoya. Ubukho bayo buhlala buhleli kwaye akuxhomekekanga kwizinto ze-geopolitical okanye imida yokutsalwa.
- Bavelisa ukuzimela: Amandla avuselelekayo avumela amazwe kunye neenkampani ukuba zixhomekeke kancinci kwimithombo yamandla yangaphandle. Ngokomzekelo, ngokufaka iipaneli zelanga kunye nee-injini zomoya, kunokwenzeka ukugubungela iimfuno zamandla zendawo kunye nokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kumafutha avela kumazwe angaphandle.
- Abadali bemisebenzi: Uphando, uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchwepheshe obutsha obunxulumene namandla ahlaziyekayo kuvelisa inkitha yemisebenzi, ethe ngqo nengathanga ngqo. Ukongeza, ivula amathuba amatsha kwinkalo yokutsha.
- Abavelisi nkunkuma eyingozi: Ngokungafaniyo neminye imithombo yamandla, njengenyukliya, amandla ahlaziyekayo awabandakanyi ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma eyingozi yokusasazeka ngemitha efuna ugcino lwexesha elide kunye nezicwangciso zokubeka iliso.
Ububi bamandla ahlaziyekayo
Ngaphandle kweenzuzo ezininzi, amandla avuselelekayo akagqibelelanga kwaye abonisa ezinye iingxaki ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe:
- Iindleko zokuqala eziphezulu: Utyalo-mali lokuqala lofakelo lweziseko ezingundoqo zamandla ahlaziyekayo ludla ngokuba phezulu. Kokubini ukufakwa kweepaneli zelanga kunye nee-injini zomoya kufuna utyalo-mali olukhulu, kwaye inzuzo ngokwemiqathango yokonga amandla idla ngokufezekiswa kwixesha eliphakathi okanye elide.
- Ikhefu: Amanye amandla avuselelekayo, afana nelanga nomoya, axhomekeke kwiimeko zemozulu. Ukuba akukho ilanga okanye umoya, amandla abo okuvelisa amandla ayancipha, okwenza kube yimithombo engapheliyo engenakuhlala iqinisekisa ukubonelela rhoqo.
- Bafuna iindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba: Ukuze eminye imithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo isebenze ngokufanelekileyo, njengamandla elanga okanye omoya, kufuneka imimandla emikhulu yomhlaba apho kufakelwe iipaneli okanye iiinjini zomoya. Oku kunokuba yingxaki kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi okanye kwiindawo ezisetyenziselwa ukulima, apho indawo inqabile.
- Impembelelo ebonakalayo nakwizilwanyana: Amanye amandla afana nomoya enza impembelelo ebalulekileyo kumhlaba ngenxa yokufakelwa kweeinjini zomoya ezinkulu. Ngaphaya koko, iipropeller zezi zixhobo zomoya zinokubangela iingxaki kwiintlobo zeentaka ezidlula kwindawo ezifakelwe kuyo.
Iindidi zamandla ahlaziyekayo
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamandla avuselelekayo ahluka ngokwemvelaphi kunye nendlela yokuwasebenzisa. Ezona ziphambili zichazwe ngezantsi:
Amandla esola
La amandla elanga Ngomnye weyona mithombo ininzi kwaye idumileyo yamandla ahlaziyekayo. Ifunyanwa ngokuthatha inzuzo yemitha yelanga ngokusebenzisa iipaneli zelanga. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zetekhnoloji yelanga:
- Photovoltaic: Ukuguqula ngokuthe ngqo imitha yelanga ibe ngumbane.
- Thermal: Ukusebenzisa ubushushu belanga ukufudumeza ulwelo oluthi emva koko luvelise umbane.
Phakathi kweenzuzo zayo eziphambili sifumanisa ukuba ayifuni amafutha okanye ivelise ukukhutshwa kwetyhefu. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kwayo kuxhomekeke kubungakanani belanga obukhoyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ingasebenzi kakuhle kwiindawo ezinamafu okanye ezinemozulu.
Amandla omoya
Amandla omoya aveliswa kukusebenzisa amandla omoya ukuhambisa iincakuba zeeinjini zomoya ezithi zona zivelise umbane. Amandla omoya ngumthombo ohlaziyekayo okhula ngokukhawuleza, ngakumbi kumazwe anemimandla emikhulu yomhlaba kunye nemimoya engapheliyo.
Ngaphandle kweenzuzo zayo, ezinjengokungakhutshwa kwezinto ezingcolisa umoya, ikwajongana nezithintelo ezithile, ezinje ngokuphazamiseka komoya kunye nefuthe kwinkangeleko yomhlaba.
Amandla e-Hydraulic
Ngesanti kubunzulu baphantsi Ifumaneka ekuhambeni kwamanzi emilanjeni okanye kumaza. Olu hlobo lwamandla lusebenza kakuhle kakhulu kwaye luvumela amandla ukuba agcinwe ngamadama. Kumazwe anokufikelela kumanzi amaninzi, amandla ombane lukhetho oluhlaziyekayo noluthembekileyo.
Amandla ombane
I-geothermal Ngomnye umthombo ohlaziyekayo osebenzisa ubushushu obusuka kumbindi womhlaba ukuvelisa umbane. Ifuna iindawo ezinobushushu be-geothermal, njengeendawo ezinentaba-mlilo okanye imithombo eshushu. Ngaphandle kweenzuzo zayo, ukufakwa kwayo kuyabiza kwaye kufuna izifundo zangaphambili zejoloji.
Impembelelo yamandla ahlaziyekayo kwixesha elizayo
Kulindeleke ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe amandla ahlaziyekayo ukwanda kakhulu kwiminyaka ezayo. Injongo yoorhulumente abaninzi kukufezekisa ipesenti ephezulu yamandla acocekileyo kumxube wabo wamandla ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwabo kumafutha e-fossil kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2. Ngapha koko, kuqikelelwa ukuba amandla avuselelekayo anokuvelisa ngaphezulu kwe-70% yamandla ombane kwimimandla ethile ngo-2030.
Azimelanga kuphela isisombululo kwiingxaki zamandla ehlabathi, kodwa zikwamele ithuba lezoqoqosho ngokukhuthaza ukudalwa kwamathuba emisebenzi ngophando nophuhliso lweziseko zophuhliso zamandla amatsha. Undoqo ekuthabatheni ithuba lamandla akhoyo ulele ekuphumezeni utyalo-mali olukhulu kwiinkqubo zogcino lwamandla, okuvumela ukuthomalalisa iimpembelelo zokuphazamiseka kwayo kunye nokuqinisekisa unikezelo lwamandla olungaguqukiyo noluthembekileyo.
Uphuhliso lwamandla avuselelekayo ngomnye weyona mingeni ibalulekileyo kwinkulungwane yama-21. Nangona kukho ukungalungi okuthile, njengeendleko zokuqala okanye imfuno yeendawo ezinkulu, izibonelelo zokwamkela la mandla azinakuphikiswa kwaye zibonisa inyathelo elibalulekileyo elibhekiselele kwikamva elizinzileyo.
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