Amandla amalahle ebengowona mthombo uphambili kangangamashumi eminyaka ukuvelisa umbane kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwayo ngokwembali, ikwagqalwa njengenye yezona zinto zibangela ukungcoliseka kwendalo kwaye ingumba ophambili wokutshintsha kwemozulu ibe mandundu.
Kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo amandla amalahle ayichaphazela njani indalo esingqongileyo kwaye inayiphi imiphumo kwimpilo yethu kunye nolungelelwaniso lwendalo lwendalo? Makhe siyihlalutye ngokweenkcukacha.
Impembelelo kwindalo yamandla amalahle
Ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle ukuvelisa umbane kunempembelelo eyingozi kakhulu yokusingqongileyo. Imizi-mveliso yamandla okubaselwa ngamalahle ikhupha izixa ezikhulu kakhulu zekharbon diokside (CO2), enye yeegesi eziphambili ze-greenhouse ezinoxanduva lokufudumala kwehlabathi. Uphononongo luqikelele ukuba kwitoni nganye yamalahle atshisiweyo, ngaphezulu kweetoni ezi-2,5 ze-CO2 zikhutshelwa emoyeni.
Ngaphandle kwekharbon diokside, i-methane (CH4) nayo iyakhutshwa, enye igesi, nangona ingakhankanywanga kangako, inamandla amakhulu okufudumeza okungaphezulu kune-CO2 kwixesha elifutshane. Ezi gesi ze-greenhouse azifaki nje igalelo kutshintsho lwemozulu, kodwa zikwachaphazela ngokuthe ngqo impilo yabantu, kuba zinyusa ukugxila komsi kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisa umoya.
Ukongezelela kwiigesi zegreenhouse, kukho amanye amasuntswana aqinileyo nalulwelo akhutshwa emoyeni, njengemekyuri nomsizi, anetyhefu kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, iMercury sisinyithi esinzima esisasazeka emoyeni kwaye sinokungcolisa i-aquifers kunye neenkqubo zemilambo. I-Soot, yona, ibeka umgangatho womoya, idala iingxaki ezinzulu zokuphefumla kubantu abakufutshane nezityalo.
Ubuthathaka bamandla amalahle
Obunye ubuthathaka obuphambili bamandla amalahle kukusebenza kwawo amandla aphantsi. Kuqikelelwa ukuba kuphela malunga nama-35% amalahle asetyenziswa kwizityalo aguqulwa abe ngamandla aluncedo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba amalahle amaninzi achithwa njengobushushu kunye nokukhutshwa kwezinto ezingcolisa umoya. Oku kusebenza ngaphantsi kakhulu kuneminye imithombo yamandla efana nenyukliya, ilanga okanye umoya.
Ngaphandle kokungasebenzi kakuhle, amalahle asaqhubeka esetyenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yezinto ezininzi. Kumazwe amaninzi, ngakumbi lawo azizityebi koovimba bamalahle, ukutsalwa kwawo kunoqoqosho kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa neminye imithombo yamandla. Ingumthombo obuninzi, okwenza kube yinto ekhangayo malunga neendleko, ngakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo okanye lawo angekakhethi amandla ahlaziyekayo acocekileyo.
Ezinye izinto eziqhubela phambili ukusetyenziswa kwayo yimigaqo-nkqubo yenkxaso-mali kwezinye izizwe kunye nokungabikho kotyalo-mali ekuphuculweni kwezityalo. Uninzi lwezityalo zamalahle bezisebenza amashumi eminyaka, ngaphandle kophononongo olubalulekileyo okanye uphuculo kwiziseko ezingundoqo zazo ukuziqhelanisa neetekhnoloji ezicocekileyo.
Iziphumo zokusingqongileyo zokusetyenziswa kwamalahle
Iziphumo zokuqhubeka nokusebenzisa amalahle njengomthombo wamandla ziyingozi kokusingqongileyo nakwimpilo yoluntu. Esinye seziphumo eziphambili kukukhutshwa okukhulu kwe-sulphur dioxide (SO2) kunye ne-nitrogen oxides (NOx). Zombini izinto ezingcolisayo zinoxanduva ukuwa kwekhephu, into eyonakalisa umhlaba, amahlathi, amachibi nemilambo, nto leyo echaphazela kakhulu izinto eziphilayo.
Iimpembelelo zemvula eneasidi ziquka ukhukuliseko lomhlaba, i-acidification yemithombo yamanzi, kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kweendawo zokuhlala zendalo. Kwimeko yezixeko needolophu, zisenokubangela ukonakala kwezakhiwo, konakalise izakhiwo kuze kudle izigidi zokulungiswa kwazo nyaka ngamnye.
Esinye isiphumo esithe ngqo kukuwohloka komgangatho womoya. Isuntswana lezinto ezisuka kumalahle avuthayo, aziwa ngokuba yi-PM10 kunye ne-PM2.5, ingena emiphungeni kwaye ibangele iingxaki ezimandundu zokuphefumla, ezifana ne-asthma, i-bronchitis engapheliyo kunye nomhlaza wemiphunga.
I-Mercury kunye nezinye iintsimbi ezinzima ezikhutshelwa kwi-atmosfera ngexesha lokutshiswa kwamalahle nazo zinefuthe kwi-ikhosistim yasemanzini xa zithe zanetha imvula. Ungcoliseko lwaManzi Ngenxa yezi zinto, ayichaphazeli kuphela izilwanyana kunye nezityalo, kodwa nabantu abaxhomekeke kule mithombo yamanzi ngokusela kunye nezolimo.
Ikamva lamalahle
Ukunqanda ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokunciphisa umonakalo wokusingqongileyo kubalulekile ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle kuncitshiswe kakhulu. Uluntu lwenzululwazi lucacile: amalahle kufuneka agcinwe ngaphantsi komhlaba ukuba sifuna ukuhlangabezana neenjongo zemozulu. KwisiVumelwano saseParis, imfuno yokunciphisa kakhulu ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo iye yasekwa ukunciphisa ukunyuka kobushushu behlabathi ukuya kutsho kwi-1,5 degrees celsius.
Amanye amazwe sele eqalisile ukuthatha amanyathelo okuqala okuphelisa amalahle kwiimatriki zawo zamandla. Ngokomzekelo, iJamani ibeke i-2038 njengonyaka wokuvala zonke izityalo zayo zamalahle, ngelixa iSpain ikhawuleza ukuvalwa kwemigodi yayo yokugqibela.
Ukutshintshela kumandla ahlaziyekayo kubalulekile. Amandla acocekileyo afana nelanga, umoya kunye namandla e-geothermal awagcini nje ngokugcinakala, kodwa akwanoqoqosho ngakumbi kwixesha elide. Amazwe afana neDenmark kunye neCosta Rica sele ebonise ukuba kunokwenzeka ukusekela iigridi zabo zombane phantse ngokupheleleyo kwimithombo evuselelekayo.
Wonke umzi-mveliso wamalahle ovalayo luloyiso lokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo yoluntu. Nangona kunjalo, amazwe anoovimba abakhulu bamalahle kwaye ukukhula kwawo koqoqosho kuxhomekeke kobu butyebi kufuneka afumane inkxaso yezemali neyobuchwepheshe ukwenza utshintsho olunobulungisa nolunobulungisa olusingise kwiimodeli zamandla ezicocekileyo nezizinzileyo.
Kungxamisekile ukuphumeza amanyathelo okunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni, zombini kwinqanaba lezopolitiko kunye neshishini. Kungale ndlela kuphela esinokuthi sithintele izizukulwana ezizayo ekubandezelekeni yimiphumo yesijikelezi-langa esishushu ngokugqithisileyo nesonakaliswa kokusingqongileyo.
Onke amandla aneziphumo kwaye amalahle kufuneka abe yenye yezimbalwa apho bekufunwa izisombululo zokuphucula ukusebenza ngalo lonke ixesha kunye nefuthe kwindalo esingqongileyo.
Sele befunda izityalo zombane kunye nomonakalo wabo kwindalo
Onke amandla aneziphumo kwaye amalahle kufuneka abe yenye yezo zinto zivelisa ezona mpembelelo kwindalo. Amandla kufuneka akhuthazwe kwinqanaba elincinci kwaye ahanjiswe ngendlela: i-mini-hydro, imimoya encinci, iiphaneli zelanga ekhaya, njl. bayeke ukwakha iipaki ezinkulu zokuvelisa umbane.
Zeziphi iziphumo eziza kuqhubeka zisebenzisa ioyile kunye namalahle njengomthombo wamandla eklasikhi
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