Phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamandla ezikhoyo, sinayo amandla eekhemikhali. Yiloo nto equlethwe okanye eveliswa ngokusabela kweekhemikhali phakathi kweeathomu zekhompawundi enye okanye ngaphezulu. Ngamandla angaphakathi ukuba i-substance inakho ngenxa yeentlobo zeekhemikhali zebhondi phakathi kwamacandelo ayo. La mandla anokulinganiswa ngokuxhomekeke kwisixa esikhutshwa kwiikhemikhali.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into malunga namandla ekhemikhali, ukusebenza kwayo, ukubaluleka, iintlobo kunye nemizekelo.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Amandla ekhemikhali ahlala enxulunyaniswa nento. Xa amaqhina emichiza phakathi kweathom neemolekyuli etshintsha, amandla ayakhululwa. Olu tshintsho lunokuthi lusebenze ngumthombo wokushisa okanye ubukho benye into edibanisa neengqungquthela, ukuvelisa ukushisa, ukukhanya okanye ezinye iindlela zamandla.
Kuba luhlobo lwamandla anokubakho aqulethwe kwiikhemikhali, amandla ekhemikhali aguqulwa abe zezinye iindlela zamandla xa impendulo isenzeka. Umzekelo obalaseleyo kukutsha kwepetroli, okuguqula amandla ekhemikhali abe ngamandla ekinetic. Ngaphaya koko, inkqubo yephotosynthesis okanye ukuphefumla kweselula yimizekelo apho izinto eziphilayo zithatha ithuba lala mandla.
Ukulandela umgaqo wokugcinwa kwamandla, amandla awadalwanga okanye atshatyalaliswa, aguqulwa kuphela. Yiloo nto amandla ekhemikhali anokuguqulwa abe yi-thermal, ukukhanya, amandla e-kinetic, njl., ukwenza umsebenzi othile.
Izinto eziluncedo nezingalunganga kumandla ekhemikhali
Kwintsimi yoshishino, amandla ekhemikhali aneenzuzo ezininzi ezenza ukuba abe ngumthombo wamandla osetyenziswa ngokubanzi:
- Inokusebenza okuhle: Izixa ezikhulu zamandla ekhemikhali azifuneki ukukhulula amandla aneleyo ukwenza imisebenzi yoshishino okanye yomatshini.
- Ikuvumela ukuba uguqule lo mbandela: Kwiinkqubo ezithile, ukuphendulwa kweekhemikhali kunokuvelisa izinto ezintsha kumcimbi wokuqala, okufaka isandla kwizinto ezintsha kunye namafutha.
- Sebenzisa kwakhona inkunkuma: Ukuguqulwa kwenkunkuma ephilayo ibe ngamandla (afana ne-biogas okanye i-bioethanol) ngumzekelo wendlela yokusebenzisa izixhobo ngokufanelekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, kukwakho nezinye izinto ezingalunganga ezibalulekileyo:
- Ukuveliswa kwemveliso: Xa amandla ekhemikhali ekhutshwa, inkunkuma okanye i-byproducts idla ngokuveliswa ezinokungcolisa. Umzekelo woku ziigesi ezinetyhefu ezikhutshwa ngamafutha efosili.
- Ifuna amagalelo rhoqo: Iimpendulo zekhemikhali zifuna imathiriyeli ekrwada eqhubekayo ukuzigcina ziqhubekile, nto leyo ethetha ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kobutyebi.
Imichiza yamandla okutya
Umzekelo wemihla ngemihla wamandla ekhemikhali ufumaneka ekutyeni esikutyayo. Ezi zinto ziqulethe izinto eziphulwa ngumzimba womntu ukukhulula amandla ngendlela yeglucose. Le glucose i-oxidized ngexesha lokuphefumla kweselula, ikhupha iikhalori (amandla) ezigcina umzimba usebenza.
I-glucose egqithisileyo igcinwa njengamafutha, indawo yokugcina xa kuyimfuneko. Amandla ekhemikhali asuka kukutya, njengeglucose, anika amandla yonke imisebenzi yethu yemihla ngemihla: ukuhamba, ukuthetha, ukubaleka, ukucinga, phakathi kwabanye.
Ukongeza, iiseli zemithambo-luvo zisebenzisa amandla ekhemikhali ngendlela yempembelelo yombane ukuhambisa imiqondiso kuwo wonke umzimba, ebonisa indlela olu hlobo lwamandla luguqulwa ngayo lube ngamandla ombane ngaphakathi emzimbeni.
Iindidi zamandla ekhemikhali
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokusabela kweekhemikhali ezikhupha okanye ezifunxa amandla. Nazi ezona zixhaphakileyo:
- Ukutsha: Ukusabela okwenzekayo phakathi kwesibaso (njengepetroli) kunye neoksijini, ukuvelisa ukukhanya nobushushu. Isisiseko sokuvelisa amandla kwiinjini nakwizityalo zamandla.
- NONE Ibhekisela ekubunjweni kwezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kwizinto ezilula, ukukhulula amandla kwinkqubo.
- Ukuhamba ngokulula: I-athomu yento enye ithatyathelw' indawo yenye iathom yento eyahlukileyo, ikhupha amandla kwezinye iimeko.
- Ukutshintsha kabini: Ukusabela apho izinto ezimbini zitshintshiselana ngeathom phakathi kwazo.
- Ukubola: I-substance eyinkimbinkimbi iguqulwa ibe yinto elula, ikhulula amandla kwinkqubo.
- Imvula: Kwenzeka xa izinto ezimbini ezikwisisombululo zenza isiqina esinganyibilikiyo, sikhupha amandla kwinkqubo.
- Ukusabela kwi-Acid-base: Iasidi kunye nesiseko zisabela ukwenza ityuwa kunye namanzi njengemveliso. Amandla nawo ayakhutshwa okanye afunxwe kule nkqubo.
- Impendulo yeRedox: Apha utshintshiselwano lwee-electron lwenzeka phakathi kwezinto ezimbini, ukuvelisa utshintsho kwimo yazo ye-oxidation kunye nokukhulula amandla.
Imizekelo yamandla ekhemikhali
Amandla emichiza akhoyo kwiinkalo ezininzi zobomi bethu bemihla ngemihla nakwiinkqubo zoshishino. Nantsi eminye imizekelo:
- Ifosili yeefuweli: I-petroli, i-diesel kunye nezinye i-petroleum fuels ziqulethe iibhondi ze-carbon kunye ne-hydrogen ezithi, xa ziphukile phambi kwe-oksijini, zikhulule amandla amakhulu njengobushushu. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba kukutsha.
- Bioluminescence: Ezinye izinto eziphilayo, ezifana ne-lanternfish okanye i-fireflies, zivelisa ukukhanya ngenxa ye-chemical reaction emizimbeni yazo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-bioluminescence. La mandla okukhanya avela kumandla ekhemikhali agcinwe kwizicubu zakho.
- Iphotosynthesis: Izityalo zisebenzisa amandla elanga ukuguqula ikharbon diokside namanzi abe yiglucose neoksijini. Loo glucose igcina amandla ekhemikhali esiza kusetyenziswa sisityalo ukuze sikhule kwaye sizigcine ngokwaso.
- Uhambo emajukujukwini: Imijukujelwa yasemajukujukwini isebenza ngenxa yokulawulwa kweekhemikhali phakathi kwamafutha afana ne-hydrogen kunye neoksijini elulwelo, evelisa izixa ezikhulu zamandla e-kinetic, anele ukushenxisela umjukujelwa kwindawo engaphandle.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi luye lwakuvumela ukuba uqonde ngcono ukuba yintoni amandla ekhemikhali, zeziphi iimpawu zayo eziphambili, iintlobo zayo kunye nemizekelo yemihla ngemihla. Olu hlobo lwamandla lunempembelelo enkulu kungekuphela nje kushishino, kodwa nakubomi bemihla ngemihla, kwiinkqubo zebhayoloji ezibalulekileyo ezinjengokwetyisa kunye nokuphefumla, kunye nobuchwepheshe obuphambili obunjengokuhamba emajukujukwini.