Ngokuqinisekileyo uyazi amandla enyukliya kwaye uyazi ukuba amandla ombane aveliswa kuwo. Ngomnye wemithombo enamandla kakhulu yokuvelisa umbane, kodwa kwangaxeshanye enye yezona zinto ziphikisanayo ngenxa yeengozi kunye neengozi ezibandakanya. Abaninzi bayazi ukuba iuranium isetyenziswa njengamafutha aphambili, kodwa usenokungaqhelani neenkcukacha zendlela olu didi lwamandla olusebenza ngayo okanye zonke izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo. Kweli nqaku, siza kugocagoca kuyo yonke into enxulumene namandla enyukliya: ukusuka kwinto ayiyo ukuya kwindlela asebenza ngayo, kwaye yintoni ekufuneka siyikhumbule xa sithetha ngempembelelo yawo eluntwini.
Ngaba uyafuna ukufunda ngakumbi malunga namandla enyukliya? Funda ukuze ufumane yonke into oyifunayo.
Yintoni amandla enyukliya?
Amandla eNyukliya, eyaziwa ngokuba Amandla eathom, lelo lifunyanwa kwiintshukumo zenyukliya, ezikhupha izixa ezikhulu zamandla akwinuclei yeeathom. Ngokukodwa, la mandla avela kwiindidi ezimbini zeenkqubo: Ukulwa kwenyukliya y fusion yenyukliya. Zombini iinkqubo zikhulula amasuntswana e-subatomic kunye nokukhulula amandla ngendlela yobushushu, enokuthi isetyenziswe ukuvelisa umbane.
I-nuclear fission yeyona nkqubo isetyenziswa kakhulu kurhwebo. Kuyo, i iinuclei zeeathom ezinzima, Njengazo iranium 235, zihlaselwe ngee<em>neutron, ezibangela ukuba zahlukane, zikhuphe isixa esikhulu samandla. Inkqubo ye-fission yile isetyenziswa kuyo Izixhobo zenyukliya ukuvelisa umbane.
Enye indlela yokufumana amandla enyukliya kukusebenzisa fusion yenyukliya, ukusabela apho ii nuclei ezimbini ezikhanyayo zidibana zenze enye enzima. Nangona kunjalo, nangona ukudibanisa kunamandla amakhulu, akukwazi ukuthengiswa okwangoku, njengoko kufuna amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu kunye noxinzelelo olufana nolwelanga.
Amandla enyukliya akasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane kuphela. Kwakhona ibe sisixhobo esiphambili kumacandelo afana neyeza (ingakumbi kunyango lwe-radiotherapy yomhlaza kunye nemifanekiso yokuxilonga), ishishini kunye nezixhobo zomkhosi. Ukusetyenziswa ngokuthula kwala mandla kwiindawo ezingaphandle kombane kubonisa ukuguquguquka okukhulu.
Aveliswa njani amandla enyukliya
Ukuvelisa amandla enyukliya, inkqubo yokuqhekeka okanye yokudibanisa iyasetyenziswa. Amaziko amandla enyukliya asebenzisa ubukhulu becala i-fission yenyukliya, ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezilawulekayo nezinorhwebo. Kule nkqubo, iuranium (okanye ezinye iimathiriyeli zokuqhekeka) zingeniswa kwireactor yenyukliya. I-uranium ikwimo yeepellet zeceramic, ezibekwe ngaphakathi kweentonga zamafutha kwireactor.
Ngexesha le-fission yenyukliya, i-uranium nuclei yahlukana xa ihlaselwa yi-neutron. Olu lwahlulo luvelisa ubushushu, obuphakamisa ubushushu bamanzi ajikelezayo kwi-reactor. Ubushushu buguqula amanzi abe ngumphunga, kwaye umphunga usetyenziselwa ukuqhuba iiinjini zomoya ezivelisa amandla ombane.
Ukubeka ubungakanani bamandla avelisiweyo ngokwembono: 1 kg yeuranium inokubonelela ngomlinganiselo ofanayo wamandla njengoko Iitoni ezingama-200 zamalahle. Ke ngoko, amandla enyukliya abonwa njengokhetho olunomtsalane ngokwembono yokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla.
Nangona kunjalo, amandla enyukliya anesithende se-Achilles: inkunkuma eqhumayo. Le nkunkuma iyingozi kakhulu kwaye kufuneka iphathwe kwaye igcinwe ngokufanelekileyo ukunciphisa impembelelo yazo kunye nobungozi kwimpilo yoluntu. Inkunkuma inokuhlala iyingozi kangangamawaka eminyaka, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ulawulo lwayo lube lolona celomngeni lukhulu kumandla enyukliya.
Izityalo zamandla enyukliya kunye noluntu
Las izityalo zamandla enyukliya Bebeyintsika kwimveliso yombane kumazwe aliqela ukususela phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-440. Okwangoku, kukho ngaphezu kwe-XNUMX yezixhobo zenyukliya emhlabeni jikelele, ezivelisa malunga I-11% yombane wehlabathi. ESpain, yonke imisebenzi yenyukliya ilawulwa ngokungqongqo yi IBhunga lezoKhuseleko lweNyukliya (CSN), uxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukuba yonke into yenziwa ngokukhuselekileyo ebantwini nakwimekobume.
Kuninzi lwezi zityalo, isetyenziswa iranium 235 okanye enye iplutonium, ezimbini zezona zixhobo zisebenzayo kwi-fission elawulwayo. Izityalo zibekwe ngobuchule kude nezixeko ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuvezwa ngeradioactive kubemi xa kuthe kwakho ingozi. Nangona kunjalo, amandla enyukliya ngokwembali aye anxulunyaniswa neentlekele ezimandundu, ezinje nge IChernobyl y Fukushima, eye yavelisa ukungafuni kweminye imimandla kunye namazwe malunga nokusetyenziswa kwayo.
Enyanisweni, nangona amandla enyukliya engumthombo wamandla ucocekile Ngokumalunga nokukhutshwa kwe-CO2 (ayikhuphi iigesi ze-greenhouse ngexesha lokusebenza kwayo), iingozi zenyukliya kunye nokulawulwa kwenkunkuma kwenze obu buchwepheshe bujongwe ngomxube wethemba kunye nokukrokra.
Ubungozi bezityalo zamandla enyukliya
Ngaphandle kwemigaqo engqongqo kunye nolawulo lokhuseleko kwicandelo lamandla enyukliya, kukho ezithile iingozi zendalo oko kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo. Enye yeengozi eziphambili kukuba kunokwenzeka iingozi zenyukliya okanye ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezinemitha yemitha kokusingqongileyo. Eyona mizekelo idumileyo efana neChernobyl (1986, Ukraine) kunye neFukushima (2011, Japan) ishiye uphawu olungacimekiyo kuluvo lukawonke-wonke kwaye ibize ukhuseleko lwezixhobo zamandla enyukliya.
Omnye umngeni obalulekileyo yi ulawulo lwenkunkuma enemitha. Nangona umthamo wenkunkuma owenziweyo uphantsi xa uthelekiswa nemveliso yamandla ewonke, inkunkuma eyenziwayo iyingozi kakhulu kwaye kufuneka igcinwe kwiidiphozithi ezikhethekileyo ezithintela ukuhluzwa kwayo kwindalo. Le nkqubo ineendleko kwaye ineziphumo zexesha elide kulawulo kunye nokhuseleko lwezizukulwana ezizayo.
Izinto eziluncedo zamandla enyukliya
Ngaphandle kweengozi ezinxulumene namandla enyukliya, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba olu hlobo lwamandla lunawo iinzuzo ezininzi, okwenza kube yinto ekhangayo phakathi komxube wemithombo yamandla kumazwe amaninzi.
- Ingumthombo wamandla acocekileyo malunga nokukhutshwa kweegesi zegreenhouse. Ayikhiphi i-CO2 okanye ezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ngexesha lokusebenza kwayo, okwenza kube yinto efanelekileyo ekulweni nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
- Uvelisa umbane rhoqo ngeeyure ezingama-24 ngosuku kunye neentsuku ezingama-365 ngonyaka, ngokungafaniyo nemithombo ehlaziyekayo, exhomekeke kwizinto zendalo ezifana nelanga okanye umoya.
- iyasebenza kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa neminye imithombo. Ngokomzekelo, i-1 kg ye-uranium inokuvelisa umlinganiselo wamandla afana neetoni ezingama-200 zamalahle.
- Ingumthombo wezoqoqosho ngenxa yokuba iindleko zamafutha (i-uranium) ziphantsi kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa namafutha e-fossil, kwaye imveliso yayo ihlala njalo, eyenza amaxabiso azinzileyo.
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amandla enyukliya anokuba luncedo kumlo ochasene nokufudumala kwehlabathi, ukuba inkunkuma eqhumayo ilawulwa ngononophelo kwaye nolawulo olungqongqo lokhuseleko luyaphunyezwa kwizityalo.
Ikamva lamandla enyukliya lihleli lingumxholo ophikisanayo, kodwa ongenakungahoywa. Amandla enyukliya anamandla okwenza inxalenye ephambili ye-matrix yamandla ecocekileyo nesebenzayo. Nangona kunjalo, imingeni enxulumene nolawulo lwenkunkuma kunye nokhuseleko lwezityalo luhlala lungumqobo ekufuneka woyiswe ukuphepha umngcipheko kwimpilo yoluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo.