La amandla ombane Ngomnye wamandla ehlaziyekayo abadala kwaye ngaxeshanye baxhatshazwe ngaphantsi ukuba sithelekisa nabanye ezifana amandla elanga okanye umoya. Ngaphandle kwetekhnoloji eyaziwa ngamashumi eminyaka, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kufumene ukubaluleka okukhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngenxa yokunyuka kwemfuno yemithombo yamandla ezinzileyo necocekileyo.
Amandla e-Geothermal asebenzisa ubushushu bangaphakathi boMhlaba ukwenza amandla ombane okanye ukubonelela ngokufudumeza. Ngokugrumba umphezulu womhlaba kwiindawo ezinobushushu obuphezulu, unokufikelela kumaleko anzulu apho ubushushu buphezulu ngokwaneleyo ukufudumeza amanzi. Le nkqubo ikhupha umphunga osetyenziselwa ukuhambisa iiinjini zomoya eziqhagamshelwe kwiijenereyitha zombane, okanye ngokuthe ngqo ukutshisa iziseko ezingundoqo zasezidolophini nezisemaphandleni. Ukukhutshwa kobu bushushu kuqhutyelwa ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezithile, ezibonakaliswe kubukho bezinto ze-geological ezifana ne-volcano okanye iimpazamo ze-tectonic, ezenza ukuhanjiswa kwezityalo ze-geothermal zingalingani kwiplanethi.
Inkqubo yokutsalwa kwamandla e-geothermal
Ukuthatha ithuba amandla ombane Yinkqubo yobugcisa efuna ukugrunjwa emhlabeni kwiindawo apho ubushushu obuphantsi komhlaba buphezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze kusetyenziswe izixhobo ezishushu. Olu hlobo lwamandla lufumaneka kubunzulu obuphakathi kwe-3.000 kunye ne-10.000 yeemitha ngaphantsi komhlaba. Kobu bunzulu, amanzi aphantsi komhlaba afudunyezwa ngamatye ashushu ade afikelele kumaqondo obushushu anokugqitha kuma-300 ºC kwiimeko ezithile.
Inkqubo iqala ngokugrunjwa kwamaqula avumela amanzi kunye nomphunga ukuba kutsalwe ngaphakathi eMhlabeni. Lo mphunga ugxothwa ukuze umise i-injini enye okanye ngaphezulu ezidityaniswe kwiijenereyitha zombane. Emva kokusetyenziswa, amanzi kunye nomphunga zinokuphinda zifakwe kwi-subsoil ukuze umjikelezo uqalise kwakhona, okwenza le nkqubo ibe iluphu evaliweyo ethi icuthe ukutsalwa okukhulu kobutyebi obuphantsi komhlaba.
Iindidi zemithombo ye-geothermal
Kukho iindidi ezininzi zemithombo ye-geothermal enokusetyenziswa ukuvelisa amandla:
- Iinkqubo ezomileyo ze-geothermal: Ziquka iindawo apho ukumila kwamatye angaphantsi komhlaba kungaqulathanga manzi, kodwa abe namaqondo obushushu aphezulu ngokwaneleyo. Ezi nkqubo zifuna ukutofwa kwamanzi ematyeni ukuze kuveliswe umphunga.
- Iziqulatho zomphunga owomileyo: Kolu hlobo lwesixokelelwano, umphunga uvaleleke kwimingxuma engaphantsi komhlaba. Lo mphunga unokutsalwa ngokuthe ngqo ukuqhuba iiinjini zomoya.
- Iziqulatho zamanzi ashushu: Zezona zixhaphakileyo. Kwezi dama, amanzi aphantsi komhlaba akwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu kwaye, xa sele ekhutshiwe, aba ngumphunga xa ecinezelekile.
- Iinkqubo ezomeleziweyo zeGeothermal (EGS): Apha ukubunjwa kwamatye aguqulwa ngokuwaqhekeza (okufana ne-hydraulic fracturing kwishishini legesi), ukuvumela amanzi ukuba ajikeleze kwiintanda kunye nokufudumala, ukuvelisa umphunga.
Ngokwethekhinoloji, kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuguqula ubushushu be-geothermal bube ngumbane:
- Izityalo zomphunga owomileyo: Basebenzisa ngokuthe ngqo umphunga we-geothermal ukuhambisa ii turbines.
- Izityalo ze-flash steam: Amanzi ashushu kuxinzelelo oluphezulu athotywa kwaye aguqulwe abe ngumphunga, othi emva koko uqhube ii-injini zomoya.
- Izityalo zomjikelo weBhinary: Ulwelo lwesibini lusetyenziselwa indawo yokubilisa ephantsi kunamanzi, evumela amandla ukuba aveliswe kwiifom ezinobushushu obuphantsi.
Izinto ezilungileyo zokusebenzisa amandla e-geothermal
Amandla e-Geothermal aneenzuzo ezininzi eziwenza abe yenye indlela enomtsalane kweminye imithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo:
- Yiyo Izixhobo ezinokuhlaziywa, kuba ubungakanani bamandla ashushu akhoyo ngaphakathi eMhlabeni abunasiphelo kwisikali somntu.
- Iyakwazi ukusoloko ivelisa amandla I-24 iiyure zomhla, ngokungafaniyo namandla elanga okanye omoya, axhomekeke kwiimeko zemozulu kunye nexesha lemini.
- Amandla e-Geothermal ane- unyawo lwekhabhoni ephantsi, enegalelo ekuthomalaliseni utshintsho lwemozulu. Akukho zinto zitshiswayo okanye ukukhutshwa kwegesi yegreenhouse ebalulekileyo.
- Las izityalo ze-geothermal zithatha indawo encinci xa kuthelekiswa nezityalo zesola okanye ezisebenza ngamanzi.
Ngaphaya koko, izifundo zamazwe ngamazwe zibalaselisa ukuba amandla e-geothermal anokuba sisisombululo esiphambili kwabaninzi kumazwe asakhulayo ezinesakhono esibonakalayo se-geothermal. Imimandla efana Afrika, Asia kunye namacandelo e EMzantsi Melika Banemithombo emikhulu ye-geothermal enokunceda ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwabo kumafutha e-fossil kunye nokuphucula ukufikelela kumbane.
Indlela entsha: amandla e-geothermal kwihlabathi jikelele
Amandla e-Geothermal afumene ukubaluleka okukhethekileyo kumazwe anje EUnited States e Indoneshiya, eziziinkokheli zehlabathi zombini kwisikhundla esifakiweyo kunye neeprojekthi ezintsha. I-United States, inxalenye yayo, ifikelele kumthamo ofakwe ngaphezu kwe-3.900 MW kwi-2023, ngelixa i-Indonesia iye yandisa amandla ayo kwi-2.418 MW, kunye notyalo-mali olubalulekileyo olujoliswe ekwandiseni kwiminyaka ezayo.
Amanye amazwe athanda Türkiye, kwiiPhilippines y Mekhsikho Kwakhona baye benza inkqubela kulo mmandla. I-Türkiye, umzekelo, ikwazile ukudlula i-1.600 MW yomthamo ofakiweyo kwi-2023 kwaye, nangona ukukhula kwayo kuhamba kancinci, ihlala enye yamazwe ahamba phambili eYurophu.
Imingeni kunye nezinto ezingeloncedo
Nangona kukho iingenelo ezininzi, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla e-geothermal akukho mingeni. Isithintelo sokuqala kukuba kuphela kwiindawo ezithile zejografi, ezifana nezo zinentshukumo yentaba-mlilo kunye neempazamo ze-tectonic, izibonelelo ze-geothermal ezifumaneka kubungakanani obunokusetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwamandla. Ngenxa yoko, ukuphunyezwa kwayo kwinqanaba lehlabathi kulinganiselwe.
Ukwengeza, ukuphonononga okuphezulu kunye neendleko zokomba oonobumba bokuqala bayinto ebalulekileyo. Ukugrumba ubunzulu yinkqubo ebiza kakhulu, kwaye isigaba sokuhlola sithwala imingcipheko, njengoko impumelelo ekufumaneni izixhobo ezisebenzayo ayisoloko iqinisekisiwe.
Enye intsilelo yeyokuba, nangona ukuveliswa kombane kunokuhlala kuthe gqolo xa umzi-mveliso sele usebenza, umthamo wawo wokusebenzisa uxhomekeke kakhulu kwiimeko zejoloji yendawo. Ukwahluka kubukho bemithombo yobushushu kunokuthetha ukuguquguquka ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwezityalo.
Kufuneka kwakhona kuqatshelwe ukuba, kwezinye iimeko, ukusetyenziswa ngokungafanelekanga kwezibonelelo kunokukhokelela ekuthotyweni komhlaba, okunokubangela umonakalo kwi-aquifers okanye kude kubangele iinyikima ezincinci ezaziwa ngokuba iinyikima zomhlaba.
Ke ngoko, kusekho imiqobo yezoqoqosho kunye neyobugcisa ekufuneka yoyiswe ukuze amandla e-geothermal ande kwihlabathi jikelele. Nangona kunjalo, le mida iyaqwalaselwa ngenkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe kunye nokuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zokunciphisa umngcipheko.
Ngeeprojekthi eziqhubekayo kunye nenkqubela phambili eqhubekayo yokomba kunye nobuchwepheshe bokuvelisa, amandla e-geothermal ayaqhubeka ukuzibeka njengenye yezona zisombululo ezizinzileyo kunye neqhinga elisebenzayo kwikamva lamandla ehlabathi.
kuhle kakhulu
ps elizabeth