Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngelinye lamandla asetyenziswayo ahlaziyekayo kwihlabathi: amandla ombane. Yi amandla acocekileyo kunye nokuhlaziywa okuthatha ithuba lamandla omxhuzulane anokubakho wamanzi ukuvelisa amandla ombane. Kulo lonke eli nqaku, siya kuchaza ukusebenza kwazo, iingenelo, iintlobo zezityalo zombane wamanzi kunye nokuba lo mthombo unokuba sisiseko njani kwikamva lamandla azinzileyo.
Ngaba uyafuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga namandla okwenziwa ngolwelo olwenziwa ngamanzi nangendlela asebenza ngayo? Qhubeka ufunda!
Yintoni amandla ombane?
La amandla ombane, kwaziwa njenge amandla ombane, ngumthombo wamandla ohlaziyekayo ofunyanwa ngokusebenzisa amandla okuhambisa amanzi. Iveliswa ngokuguqula i amandla anokubakho wamanzi agcinwe kumadama okanye ekuqukuqeleni kwemilambo, athi, xa esiwa kumphakamo, enze amandla ekinetic. La mandla e-kinetic asetyenziselwa ukujikeleza iiinjini zomoya ezidityaniswe kwiijenereyitha ezivelisa umbane.
Olunye uphawu oluphambili lwamandla olwelo lolwelo lwamanzi lulo ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, enokufikelela kwi-90%. Ngaphezu koko, ngamandla acocekileyo kwaye ayivelisi izinto ezikhutshwayo yeegesi zegreenhouse ngexesha lesizukulwana sabo.
Olu hlobo lwamandla lusetyenziswe ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, kodwa nge-Industrial Revolution kunye nokuveliswa kwe-hydraulic turbine yaqala ukusetyenziswa kwinqanaba elikhulu ukuvelisa umbane. Namhlanje, umbane owenziwe ngamanzi usengomnye wemithombo ekhokelayo yamandla ahlaziyekayo kwihlabathi.
Usebenza njani?
Ukusebenza kwe amandla ombane Isekelwe ekusetyenzisweni kwamandla asuka kumanzi agcinwe kumadama okanye emilanjeni. Ngepenstocks, amanzi akhululwa kwaye aqukuqelele kwi-injini yomoya, evelisa intshukumo ejikelezayo. Le ntshukumo ibangela ukuba amanzi adlule kuthotho lweejenereyitha eziguqula amandla e-kinetic abe ngamandla ombane. Izinto eziphambili kule nkqubo zezi:
- Amachibi: Apho amanzi agcinwa khona, athi, xa ekhululiwe, enze ukuwa okuyimfuneko.
- Iiturbines: Izixhobo eziguqula amandla amanzi abe ngamandla ajikelezayo.
- Iijenereyitha: Izixhobo eziguqula amandla oomatshini abe ngamandla ombane kusetyenziswa iialternators.
Le nkqubo ivumela amanzi ukuba alandele ikhondo lawo lendalo emva kokuba esetyenziselwe ukuvelisa umbane, ngoko ke awusetyenziswa, kodwa uphinda usetyenziswe kumjikelo we-hydrological.
Iindidi zezityalo zombane
Kukho iindidi ezininzi ze izityalo zombane ezihlelwe ngokwendawo yazo kunye neteknoloji esetyenziswayo. Ngezantsi sichaza iintlobo eziphambili:
- Izityalo zamadama: Zezona zixhaphakileyo kwaye zineziqulatho ezinkulu ezigcina amanzi. Ziyakwazi ukukhululwa njengoko kufuneka, ukuvumela ukuveliswa kwamandla rhoqo unyaka wonke.
- Izityalo ezibalekayo zomlambo: Zikwaziwa ngokuba ziindawo zokuhamba, azinamanzi okugcina amanzi amakhulu kwaye zixhomekeke ekuhambeni rhoqo kwemilambo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba imida ngamaxesha embalela.
- Ukubuyisela umva okanye ukumpompa izityalo: Ezi zityalo zisebenza ngokugcina amanzi kumadama aphezulu ngamaxesha okungabikho kwemvula eninzi kakhulu. Amanzi ampontshelwa kwidama elingaphezulu aze abuyiselwe ukuze avelise umbane ngamaxesha emfuno emandla.
Olu hlobo lokugqibela lubaluleke kakhulu kuba luvumela amandla ukuba agcinwe, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ezi zityalo zibe bhetyebhetye kwaye zibe luncedo ekuncediseni amandla aphakathi anje ngelanga okanye umoya.
Izinto ezilungileyo zombane wamanzi
La amandla ombane Ngomnye wemithombo yamandla esetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi ngenxa yeenzuzo ezininzi. Phakathi kwabo, ezi zilandelayo zibalaseleyo:
- Ngamandla ahlaziyekayo: Yondliwa ngamandla e-kinetic kunye namandla anokubakho emanzini, nto leyo engumthombo ongacimiyo ebulela kumjikelo wendalo wamanzi.
- Amandla acocekileyo: Ayivelisi kukhutshwa kwegesi yegreenhouse okanye inkunkuma enetyhefu, iyenza ibe lukhetho lwendalo.
- Ukusebenza kwamandla aphezulu: I-Hydropower inesinye sezona zivuno eziphezulu zamandla, nto leyo eyenza ibe yenye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokuvelisa.
- Ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwamandla: Ngokuveliswa kweli lizwe, kunokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kumandla avela kumazwe angaphandle.
- Uzinzo kwisizukulwana: Ngokukwazi ukugcina amanzi kumadama, ukuveliswa kombane kuzinzile kwaye kunokulawulwa ngokusekelwe kwimfuno.
- Iindleko zokusebenza eziphantsi: Emva kokuba izityalo zakhiwe, iindleko zokulondolozwa kunye nokusebenza ziphantsi.
- Ivelisa imisebenzi yasekuhlaleni: Ukwakhiwa nokusebenza kwemizi-mveliso yombane wamanzi ibonelela ngemisebenzi ethe ngqo nengathanga ngqo kwiindawo ezifakelwe kuzo.
Ekugqibeleni, i-hydropower idibanisa ukusebenza kakuhle, ukuzinza kunye ne-carbon footprint ephantsi, okwenza kube sisisombululo esibalulekileyo kwikamva elicocekileyo nelikhuselekileyo lamandla.
Ukungalungi kombane wamanzi
Ngaphandle kweenzuzo, kukwabalulekile ukwazi i izinto ezingeloncedo ngamandla ombane:
- Impembelelo kokusingqongileyo: Ukwakhiwa kwamadama kunye namadama kunokuchaphazela kakhulu inkqubo yendalo yasemanzini, ukuguqula indawo yokuhlala yeentlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo kunye nokuguqula indlela yendalo yemilambo.
- Iindleko zokuqala zokwakha: Iindleko zezoqoqosho nezendalo zokwakhiwa kwedama ziphezulu, nto leyo enokuba ngumqobo obalulekileyo kwimimandla ethile.
- Ukuxhomekeka kwiimeko zemozulu: Ngamaxesha embalela ixesha elide, ukukwazi ukuvelisa amandla kunokuchaphazeleka kakhulu.
- Ukukhukula komhlaba: Amadama amakhulu angakhukulisa imimandla emikhulu yomhlaba wolimo okanye imimandla ehlalwayo, okubandakanya ukufuduswa koluntu luphela.
Imbali yamandla ombane
I-Hydropower inembali ende kwimbali yoluntu. Ukususela kumaGrike namaRoma amandulo, awayesebenzisa izixhobo zokungqusha zamanzi ukuze kusila ukutya okuziinkozo, ukusa kwiNguquko yezoShishino, apho yaba ngomnye wemithombo ephambili yamandla. Ukuveliswa kwe-injini ye-hydraulic turbine yenza ukuba kube lula ukuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kwezi nkqubo, okwenza ukuba zisebenze kwimveliso yombane omkhulu.
Namhlanje, umbane owenziwe ngamanzi usengomnye wemithombo ekhokelayo yamandla ahlaziyekayo kwihlabathi liphela. Kumazwe afana neNorway okanye iBrazil, ngaphezu kwe-60% yombane wabo uvela kwizityalo ezisebenza ngamanzi.
Ukutyhubela iminyaka, amandla ombane abonakalise ukuba yeyona teknoloji ithembekileyo nesebenzayo ukwenza igalelo kwinguqu eya kwimithombo yamandla ezinzileyo.