Ukukhula okungapheliyo kwamandla omoya kwihlabathi: i-China, i-US kunye nokunye

La amandla omoya Iyekile ukuba sisithembiso kwaye ibe yinyani ephambili kwinguqu yamandla ehlabathi. Ingumthombo ohlaziyekayo oqhubeka ukhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye, ngaphezu kokunceda ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-carbon dioxide, iyakwazi ukuvelisa amandla acocekileyo ngexabiso elikhuphisanayo kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi. Kweli nqaku siza kungena kweyona nkqubela phambili yamva nje kumandla omoya, kwihlabathi jikelele nakumazwe afana neTshayina, i-United States, kunye nalawo akhokela olu tshintsho lwamandla.

Ngokwedatha ekhoyo yamva nje, ubuncinci Amazwe angama-84 asebenzisa amandla omoya kwiinethiwekhi zabo zombane. Oku kubonisa ukuba olu hlobo lwamandla luthatha indawo ephambili kwinani elikhulu lemimandla yehlabathi. Ukukhula kwamandla omoya kukuba ngo-2023 umthamo ofakelweyo wehlabathi uya kufikelela I-837 GW, ngokweGlobal Wind Energy Council (GWEC). Le nkqubela ichukumisayo ithethe ukuba amandla omoya ngoku amele inxalenye ebalulekileyo yobonelelo lombane kwimimandla emininzi yehlabathi.

Ukukhula kwalo mthombo wamandla akubonisi zimpawu zokucotha kwaye kuqhubekeka ukuba yindlela enengeniso ethe kratya minyaka le. Okulandelayo, siza kuhlalutya i-panorama yangoku yehlabathi, sigxile kumazwe akhokela imveliso yomoya, kunye nobuchwepheshe obutsha obuqhubela phambili.

Abavelisi abaphambili bamandla omoya

Ishishini lomoya lilawulwa ngamagunya amakhulu atyale imali kakhulu kobu buchwepheshe. Kwinqanaba lehlabathi, I-China yeyona nto iphambili ekuveliseni amandla omoya, ilandelwa ngokusondeleyo yiMelika, nayo eye yenza inkqubela ebonakalayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje.

Kwimeko yaseTshayina, ilizwe liyaqhubeka nokwandisa umthamo walo ofakiweyo ukuya kumanqanaba angazange abonwe ngaphambili. Ngo-2023, i-China yongeze ngakumbi I-76 GW yomthamo omtsha womoya, ukufikelela kwitotali yangaphezulu I-328 GW, eyidibanisa njengenkokeli kweli candelo. Ngaphaya koko, oku kukhula kulindeleke ukuba kuqhubeke kunyuka, njengoko i-China ikwatyala imali kwitekhnoloji ye-offshore, ngaphezulu kwe I-26 GW yomthamo womoya waselwandle sele isekiwe.

EUnited States, amandla omoya ahlala ephambili ngenxa yendawo eninzi kunye neemeko ezifanelekileyo. Imveliso yomoya waseMelika sele ifikelele I-132 GW yomthamo ofakelweyo. Kweli nqanaba, amandla omoya agubungela ngaphezulu I-9% yokusetyenziswa kwamandla yelizwe, nangona kwamanye amazwe afana ne-Iowa kunye noMzantsi Dakota, eli nani liphezulu kakhulu, lifikelela ngaphezu kwama-50% kuloo mimandla ngenxa yamathafa abo amakhulu.

IJamani, yona inxalenye yayo, igcine indawo eqinileyo njengelizwe lesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni ekuveliseni amandla omoya. Ngo-2023, eli lizwe laseYurophu longeze ngaphezulu I-64 GW yomthamo ofakiweyo, ukuzimanya njengenkokeli engenakuphikiswa eYurophu. IJamani ibe nguvulindlela kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yomoya oselunxwemeni nakwi-offshore, kwaye injongo yayo kukufumana I-100% yombane wayo ovela kwimithombo evuselelekayo ngo-2035. Ukufezekisa le njongo, kucetywa ukunyusa umthamo womoya oselunxwemeni ukuya kuthi ga I-110 GW yaye, phezu kolwandle, ukuya I-30 GW.

ITshayina: isigebenga samandla omoya

I-China ayiyena kuphela umvelisi omkhulu wamandla omoya, kodwa iye yaba lelona lizwe likhula ngokukhawuleza kule ndawo. Kulindeleke ukuba 2025, iChina inomthamo ofakiweyo we I-347,2 GW amandla omoya emhlabeni kuphela. Ukuzibophelela kwengxilimbela yaseAsia kumandla avuselelweyo kucacile, emhlabeni nakwilizwe elingaselunxwemeni, kwaye isantya saso sokwandiswa kukuba kulindeleke ukuba sigqithe isantya esiphezulu. 962,6 GW kwihlabathi jikelele.

Oku kuzibophelela akuyiyo kuphela impendulo kwimfuno yamandla ekhulayo yabemi bayo, kodwa iphinda iphendule kwimfuno yokunciphisa ungcoliseko lomoya oluchaphazela kakhulu izixeko zayo eziphambili. Ngaphaya koko, kwinkalo yobuchwepheshe be-offshore, ilizwe likwaphula iirekhodi, ngokufakela umthamo wamandla omoya ovela kude nolwandle ngaphezu kwalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo.

Ngaphandle kwezi mpumelelo, kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula ukuba i-China kusafuneka ijongane nemingeni ebalulekileyo enxulumene nomgangatho wegridi kunye nesidingo sokuphucula iziseko zayo zokuqinisekisa ukuba amandla aveliswa ziifama zomoya afikelela kwizixeko ezikhulu ngokufanelekileyo.

Amanye amazwe aphambili kwimveliso yamandla omoya

Amanye amazwe atyala imali eninzi kumandla omoya, ukongeza eTshayina, eUnited States naseJamani, aquka Indiya , esele inokungaphezulu I-40 GW umthamo ofakelweyo weeinjini zomoya. Oku kukhula eIndiya ikakhulu kukusabela kwiimfuno zabemi bayo abakhulayo kunye noqoqosho. Ukongeza, iinzame ziyenziwa ukuphucula iziseko ezingundoqo kwimimandla yasemaphandleni apho amandla omoya avumela ukufikelela kumbane ngaphandle kwesidingo sothungelwano oluntsonkothileyo lombane oluphakathi.

IBrazil lelinye ilizwe ekufuneka lithathelwe ingqalelo, nge I-21,2 GW yesikhundla ngo-2023, esiyibeka kwindawo yesixhenxe kwihlabathi ngokwamandla afakiweyo. Imozulu evumayo yokuvelisa umoya eBrazil, ngakumbi kwimimandla eselunxwemeni, ithande ukwanda ngokukhawuleza kobu bugcisa kwilizwe laseMzantsi Melika.

IYurophu, kwelinye icala, ibugcinile ubunkokeli bayo kumandla omoya ophuma elunxwemeni. EUnited Kingdom y EDenmark zezona exponents ezinkulu olu hlobo amandla kwilizwekazi, kunye United Kingdom ukufikelela umthamo efakwe I-27,1 GW ngo-2023, apho I-12,7 GW ivela kwiipaki ezikude nonxweme. IDenmark, nangona incinci ngobukhulu, ine I-67% yombane wayo uvela kwizinto ezihlaziyiweyo, ubukhulu becala kumandla omoya, amele ingxelo yehlabathi.

Enye imarike ekhulayo yi España. Ngokutsho kwedatha ekhoyo yamva nje, amandla omoya anikezela ngaphezu I-23% yombane yaseSpain, ebeka kwindawo ebalaseleyo yokufezekisa iinjongo zamandla acocekileyo ngo-2030. Lilonke, iSpain ingaphezu kwe I-27,5 GW yesakhono esifakelweyo, esisibeka phakathi kwamazwe amahlanu aphezulu aneyona mveliso iphezulu yomoya.

Izinto eziluncedo kunye nemingeni yamandla omoya

Amandla omoya akananzuzo kuphela malunga nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa, kodwa abe buchwephesha obuneendleko eziphezulu. Esinye sezizathu eziphambili kukuba ii-injini zomoya ziye zavela kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, zandisa ubukhulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Iinqaba ezinde kunye neencakuba ezinde Bavumela amandla amaninzi ukuba athathwe emoyeni, ngelixa uphuculo kwikhonkco lokubonelela kunye nokuveliswa lukwazile ukunciphisa ixabiso le-megawatt nganye eveliswayo.

Nangona kunjalo, ukwanda kwamandla omoya akukho mingeni. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kunye nezilwanyana. Iiinjini zomoya zingachaphazela iintaka kwaye zibangele ukuphazamiseka kubemi bengingqi ngenxa yobukhulu kunye nengxolo. Nangona kunjalo, ezininzi zezi ngxaki zinokuncitshiswa ngemimiselo ethile kunye noyilo olucokisekileyo.

Olunye ucelomngeni kukuziphumza. Umoya awusoloko uvuthuza ngamandla afanayo, nto leyo enokubangela ubunzima ekulawuleni igridi yombane. Isisombululo kule ngxaki sikuyo ukugcinwa kwamandla, indawo apho iinkampani ezifana neTesla zenza inkqubela enkulu kunye neebhetri eziphezulu.

Ngaphandle kwale mingeni, impembelelo entle yamandla omoya kumlo ochasene nokutshintsha kwemozulu ayinakuphikiswa. Utyalo-mali kuphando nakuphuhliso lunceda ekusombululeni ezi ngxaki kwaye lwenza amandla omoya adlale indima ekhulayo kumxube wamandla wehlabathi.

Ukuphuhliswa kobuchwepheshe obutsha sesinye isitshixo kwikamva lamandla omoya. Amanyathelo afana ne I-Vortex bladeless turbine Bangumzekelo wendlela ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha kunokunceda ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Obu bugcisa, buphuhliswe eSpain, bucebisa ukutshintshwa kweencakuba zemveli ngecylinder ethe nkqo engcangcazela ngokuhambelana nomoya, ivelisa umbane.

Amandla omoya akabalulekanga kuphela ekuveliseni amandla acocekileyo, kodwa nasekulweni ukutshintsha kwemozulu nokuxhomekeka kumafutha efosili. Ngokukhula okuthe gqolo nokuzinzileyo, amandla omoya amiselwe ukuba abe yenye yeentsika zemveliso yamandla ehlabathi kumashumi eminyaka ezayo.