
Njengokuba umntu ekhangela imithombo yamandla enokuphinda isebenze njengezinye iindlela iifosili, ii-biofuels zazalwa. Enye yazo yi biomethane. I-Biomethane ivela kwi-biogas, efunyenwe ngenxa yemigangatho eyahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenzisa le biogas, kufuneka ihlanjululwe. Le yindlela yokuzalwa kwe-biomethane.
Ngezantsi, sikuxelela yonke into malunga noku i-biofuel ehlaziyekayo kunye namandla ayo okunciphisa ukukhutshwa kunye negalelo kutshintsho lwamandla.
Yintoni i-biomethane kwaye iveliswa njani
I-Biomethane luhlobo lwegesi yendalo ehlaziyekayo efumaneka ekuhlanjululweni kwe-biogas, ebangelwa ukubola kwenkunkuma yezinto eziphilayo ngokungabikho kwe-oxygen. Le rhasi yenye indlela kumafutha efosili kwaye inamandla okunciphisa ngokubonakalayo ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse.
El biogas, njengomthombo oyintloko, uveliswa kwii-substrates ezahlukeneyo zebhayoloji, ezifana nenkunkuma yezolimo (umgquba, izityalo zokubamba, iindiza), inkunkuma yamashishini kunye nekhaya, kunye nodaka lwelindle. Ukongeza kwezi, kuphuhliswa ubugcisa obutsha obubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwe ihydrogen eluhlaza kwinkqubo yePower-to-Gas, eyandisa ubungakanani bemethane eveliswayo.
I-Biogas yenziwa yi-anaerobic digestion yezi zinto, kwinkqubo apho i-oksijini ingangeneleli. Ibhaktiriya enoxanduva lokubola ivelisa umxube werhasi owenziwe malunga 50-75% imethane (CH4), kunye ne-carbon dioxide (CO2) kunye neencinci ezincinci zamanzi, i-nitrogen, i-oksijini kunye ne-hydrogen sulfide.
Ukuguqula i-biogas kwi-biomethane, kuyimfuneko ukususa ininzi ye-CO2 kunye nokungcola ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zokucoca. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba irhasi iziphumo, nge ukucoceka kufutshane ne-96% yemethane, ilungele ukusetyenziswa. Le nkqubo yohlaziyo ivumela i-biomethane ukuba ihlangabezane nemigangatho yomgangatho wegesi yendalo kwaye inokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo indawo yokusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso, yasekhaya kunye neselula.
Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuzinza
I-Biomethane yigesi eguquguqukayo enezicelo ezininzi. Ndiyabulela ekubunjweni kwayo ngokufana negesi yendalo, ingasetyenziselwa kwiziseko ezifanayo esele zikhona kwi-gas ye-fossil, eyenza isisombululo esisebenzayo sokuguqulwa kwamandla.
Phakathi usetyenziso oluphambili lwe-biomethane, iqaqambisa isicelo sayo:
- Isitofu kuthungelwano lwegesi yendalo, esetyenziselwa ukufudumeza, ukuveliswa kombane okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso.
- El zokuthutha, njengamafutha kwigesi ecinezelweyo (bioCNG) okanye i-liquefied gas (bioLNG) izithuthi. Olu setyenziso luluncedo ngakumbi, njengoko lunciphisa kakhulu i-CO2 kunye nokukhutshwa kwamasuntswana ongcoliseko xa kuthelekiswa namafutha efosili.
La uzinzo lwebiomethane ilele kwinto yokuba imveliso nokusetyenziswa kwayo kuzisa ulungelelwaniso olungcono lokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kunerhasi yendalo eqhelekileyo. Ngexesha lokuveliswa kwayo, ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezininzi kuyathintelwa, kuba inkunkuma esetyenziswa njengezinto ezikrwada ayikhuphi imethane engalawulekiyo emoyeni. Ukongezelela, i-digestate, i-byproduct ye-anaerobic digestion, ingasetyenziselwa njengesichumisi esiphilayo, esivumela ukuvala umjikelezo wezondlo kunye nokuphepha ukusetyenziswa kwezichumisi zokwenziwa.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-digestates kunokunceda ukunciphisa ukuya kuthi ga I-13 kg ye-CO2 ngetoni nganye yesichumiso esenziweyo. Oku akuxhamli nje indalo esingqongileyo, kodwa nabavelisi bezolimo abanokunciphisa iindleko ezinxulumene nokuchumisa, okunegalelo kuphuhliso loqoqosho lwesetyhula.
Izinto eziluncedo ngokusetyenziswa kwayo
I-Biomethane inikezela ukhuphiswano kunye neenzuzo zokusingqongileyo eyibonisa njengokhetho olusebenzayo kumlo ochasene nokutshintsha kwemozulu:
- Unciphiso lwe-Emission: Ngokutshintsha amafutha efosili, ibiomethane inceda kakhulu ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwekharbon diokside kunye nezinye iigesi zegreenhouse.
- Umgangatho womoya ophuculweyo: I-NOx ephantsi kunye ne-particle emissions xa kuthelekiswa namafutha e-fossil, ukuphucula impilo yoluntu kwiindawo zasezidolophini.
- Ukuzimela kwamandla: Ngale biofuel, amazwe anokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwawo kwigesi yendalo evela kumazwe angaphandle, evelisa amandla ekuhlaleni kwinkunkuma.
Ukongeza, i-biomethane inokuvelisa ingqesho, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni. Ukwakhiwa kunye nokusebenza kwezityalo ze-biomethane kufuna umsebenzi, onceda ukuqinisa uqoqosho lwasekhaya kunye nokuphucula ukuzinza kwimimandla yezolimo.
Iveliswa njani i-biomethane eYurophu
Okwangoku, amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu abheja kwi-biomethane njengenxalenye yotshintsho lwamandla. Iyonke ye Amazwe ali-15 eManyano yaseYurophu bavelisa kwaye basebenzisa i-biomethane.
Esinye sezicelo eziphambili eYurophu kukuveliswa kobushushu kunye nombane ngokusebenzisa i-cogeneration (CHP), kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengamafutha okuthutha kukhula ngokukhawuleza. ESweden, umzekelo, i-biomethane sele igqithile igesi yendalo kwimarike yamafutha emoto, kwaye iJamani ibone ukukhula okubonakalayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje.
Ngo-2020, kwaqikelelwa ukuba ukuveliswa kwe-biogas eYurophu kuya kudlula 14 billion cubic metres, elilingana nomthamo wegesi yendalo eqhelekileyo. Oku kunyuka kwemveliso akuzange kube nempembelelo embi kwezolimo ezinikezelwe kwimveliso yokutya, ekubeni ukusetyenziswa kwe-digestates kwenze ukuba kube lula ukubuyisela ngokufanelekileyo izondlo kunye nokuphucula ukujikeleza kwezityalo.
Ukutyhalela phambili kwe-biomethane eYurophu kuxhaswa yimigaqo-nkqubo efana nesicwangciso se-REPowerEU, esibeke injongo yamabhongo yokuvelisa. Izigidi ezingama-35.000 zeetyhubhic metres zebhayomethane ngonyaka ngo-2030. Oku kubonisa ukuzibophelela kweYurophu kukhuseleko lwamandla kunye nokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu.
I-Biomethane iye yaba yindlela eqinileyo yokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwigesi yangaphandle, ukuphucula umgangatho womoya kunye negalelo kuphuhliso loqoqosho kwimimandla yasemaphandleni. Imigaqo-nkqubo yaseYurophu igxile ekwandeni kweerhasi ezivuselelekayo, kunye nenkqubela phambili yokuphuculwa kobuchwepheshe, icebisa ukuba le biofuel iya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwikamva lamandla elizwekazi.