Amandla enyukliya yenye yeyona mithombo yamandla inamandla ehlabathini. Ngokubanzi, isetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso emikhulu yamandla enyukliya ukuvelisa umbane ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Nangona kunjalo, bambalwa abazi iinkqubo ezivumela i-nuclei yee-athomu ukuba iguqulwe ibe ngamandla asebenzayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngokubanzi, la mandla aveliswa kwiinkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: Ukulwa kwenyukliya y fusion yenyukliya.
Kweli nqaku, siza kungena kwinkqubo ye Ukulwa kwenyukliya, ichaza indlela olu hlobo lwamandla lwenziwa ngayo, yintoni indlela yalo, kwaye yahluke njani kwi-fusion yenyukliya, phakathi kwezinye izihloko eziphambili.
Yintoni inyukliya?
I-Nuclear fission luhlobo lokusabela kwenyukliya apho i-nucleus ye-atom enzima iqhekeka ibe yi-nuclei ekhaphukhaphu, ikhuphe isixa esikhulu samandla kwinkqubo. La mandla ngawona athi emva koko aguqulwe, ikakhulu, abe ngumbane kwimeko yezityalo zenyukliya.
Kule nkqubo, i-neutron ingqubana nenucleus ye-athomu engazinzanga, njenge iuranium-235 okanye iplutonium-239. Ngokubamba uthe ineutron, i undoqo uye uzinze ngakumbi kunye nokuqhekeka, ukukhulula iinyutroni ezongezelelweyo kunye namandla ngendlela yobushushu kunye nemitha.
Ezi neutron zongezelelweyo zinokuthi, nazo, zibangele ukusabela kokuqhekeka okungaphezulu ngokungqubana nezinye iinuclei ezingazinzanga, zigcine chain reaction leyo, ukuba ayilawulwa kakuhle, inokukhokelela ekukhululweni okukhulu kwamandla ngendlela eyonakalisayo. Lo ngumgaqo osisiseko ovumela ukusebenza kwesixhobo senyukliya.
Inucleus enye ecandekileyo Isenokuvelisa amandla aphindwe ngezigidi ngokuphindwe ngezigidi kuneekhemikhali eziqhelekileyo zokusabela, njengokutshisa kwamalahle okanye igesi. Oku kuncomeka kokusebenza kwamandla kungoko amandla enyukliya elukhetho olunomtsalane kwimveliso yombane.
Ukuphendula kwikhonkco
Xa i-fission yenyukliya isenzeka, iineutron ezininzi (ngokuqhelekileyo phakathi kwesibini nesithathu) ziyakhululwa. Ezi neutron zinokuqhubeka nokusebenzisana nezinye ii-nuclei ezikufutshane, ezibangela iifission ezininzi kwaye ngenxa yoko zikhupha iineutron ezingakumbi kunye namandla. Oku kubizwa chain reaction.
Ukuze ukusabela ngetsheyina kuzinze, kuyimfuneko ukuba ubuncinane enye ye-neutron ekhutshwe yi-fission yokuqala ibangele i-fission entsha. Ukuba le meko idibene, ukusabela kungaqhubeka ngendlela elawulwayo. Lo ngumgaqo wokusebenza we izixhobo zenyukliya.
Omnye wemingeni emikhulu yeziko lamandla enyukliya kukukwazi ukulawula le nkqubo. Ukuqhekeka okuninzi kumqolo kunokubangela ukuphuma kwamandla ngequbuliso, ngelixa iifission ezimbalwa kakhulu zenza kube nzima ukuvelisa amandla aneleyo. Izixhobo zenyukliya zenyukliya ziyilelwe ukugcina olu lungelelwano ngokusebenzisa iimodareyitha kunye nemivalo yolawulo Zifunxa iineutron xa kuyimfuneko.
Umahluko phakathi kokuqhekeka kwenyukliya kunye nokudibanisa
Zombini i-fission kunye ne-fusion amandla akhululayo akwi-nucleus ye-athomu, kodwa indlela esemva kwayo yahluke kakhulu.
Kulo Ukulwa kwenyukliya, un i-nucleus enzima iyahlula kwiinuclei ezincinci, njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, ngelixa ku fusion yenyukliya, inkqubo ibuyele umva: iinuclei ezikhanyayo, ngokuqhelekileyo i-hydrogen, ziyadibanisa ukuze zenze unzima ngakumbi, zikhupha umlinganiselo omkhulu wamandla.
Umzekelo wokuqhekeka:
Xa ineutron ibetha iathom ye iuranium-235, iathom yahlukana ibe ziinuclei ezimbini ezikhaphukhaphu, barium-144 kunye krypton-89, ikhupha iineutron ezintathu ezintsha kunye nesixa esikhulu samandla. Yinkqubo elawulwa kakhulu kwizityalo zenyukliya.
Umzekelo we-Fusion:
ELangeni, iinuclei zehydrogen zihlala zixubana zenze i-helium nuclei, ikhupha izixa ezikhulu zamandla ngendlela yokukhanya nobushushu. Nangona kunjalo, iimeko eziyimfuneko kwi-fusion reaction eMhlabeni zinzima kakhulu ukufikelela ngenxa yesidingo samaqondo obushushu ezigidi zeedigri kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu. Ngaphandle kwamashumi eminyaka yophando, ukudityaniswa kwenyukliya okulawulwayo akukaphunyezwa ngendlela enorhwebo.
Ubunzima obubalulekileyo
La ubunzima obubalulekileyo Bubuncinane bexabiso lezinto eziqhekekayo eziyimfuneko ukuze kubekho ukusabela okuzinzileyo kwekhonkco. Ukuba ubunzima obusetyenzisiweyo bungaphantsi kobubalulekileyo, iineutron ezikhutshiweyo kwifission nganye ziya kulahleka ngaphambi kokuba kubangele ukuqhekeka okutsha kwaye ukusabela kuya kuyeka.
Ubunzima obubalulekileyo buxhomekeke kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana ubunyulu bezinto, ijometri yayo kunye nokuba ijikelezwe yi-neutron-reflecting materials, ezinciphisa ilahleko.
Umzekelo woku kukuba izixhobo zenyukliya zidla ngokuyilwa ngokwengqukuva okanye kwimilo engqukuva ukugcina inani leenyutroni ngaphakathi kwisixokelelwano ithuba elide kangangoko kunokwenzeka nokuqinisekisa ukuba i-fission iyaqhubeka ngokuzinzileyo.
Ukuqhawuka kwenyukliya okuzenzekelayo
ukuqhekeka kwenyukliya okuzenzekelayo Yinto eqhelekileyo, kodwa ebalulekileyo apho i-nucleus iyahlula ngaphandle kokungenelela kwe-neutron yesiganeko. Oku kwenzeka kwii-isotopi ezingazinzanga njengeplutonium-239.
Nangona amathuba okuba yenzeke ngokuzenzekelayo ephantsi, le meko ineempembelelo kulawulo lwezixhobo zenyukliya kunye nokhuseleko lwereactor.
Olu hlobo lwe-fission lungakhokelela ekuphumeni kwemitha kwaye imele ingozi enokwenzeka ukuba ayilawulwa ngokuchanekileyo, njengoko inokuqalisa ukusabela okungafunekiyo ukuba iimeko ezichanekileyo zifikelelwa.
Yiyo loo nto ukhuseleko kwizityalo zenyukliya ngundoqo ekuphepheni iziganeko kunye neentlekele ezifana nezo zenzeke eChernobyl okanye eFukushima.
I-Nuclear fission iqhubeleka ukuba bubuchwephesha obuhamba phambili kwimveliso yamandla ehlabathini, ingakumbi ngenxa yokukwazi ukuvelisa izixa ezikhulu zombane ngekhabhoni enyiniweyo.