La amandla enyukliya idlale indima ebalulekileyo kubonelelo lwamandla ehlabathi kangangamashumi eminyaka. Nangona kunjalo, amandla avela kwi fusion yenyukliya ithembisa inguqu ebaluleke ngakumbi kumhlaba wamandla, inikezela ngesixhobo esiphantse saphela esinokukhutshwa okuncinci kwenkunkuma eqhumayo. Nangona inamandla, le nkqubo imangalisayo isaphuhliswa, ngenxa yokuba ubunzima bezobuchwepheshe kunye nezoqoqosho abukho ncinane. Kungumceli mngeni ukuba izazinzulu kwihlabathi jikelele ziqhubeleka nokuphanda ukwenza udibaniso lwenyukliya lube yinyani njengomthombo wamandla orhwebo ozinzileyo ngenye imini.
Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga ukuba yintoni indibaniselwano yenyukliya, iingenelo zayo, imingeni yayo ukuze ibe ngumthombo wezorhwebo, kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwikamva lamandla ehlabathi.
Yeyiphi ifusion yenyukliya?
Ukudityaniswa kweNyukliya yinkqubo eyahlukileyo kuneyokuqhekeka kwenyukliya, eyindlela esetyenziswa kwizityalo zenyukliya zangoku. Nangona i-fission ibandakanya ukwahlula iiathom ezinzima, ezifana ne-uranium kunye ne-plutonium, ukudibanisa kubandakanya ukudibanisa i-nuclei ekhaphukhaphu, efana ne-athomu ye-hydrogen, ukwenza enye enzima, ezinzileyo. Isiphumo salo manyano sikhupha umthamo omkhulu wamandla ngendlela yobushushu.
Eyona nkqubo inokwenzeka ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kukudityaniswa kwe-deuterium kunye ne-tritium, ii-isotopes ezimbini ze-hydrogen, ukwenza i-helium. Ngexesha lokusabela, amasuntswana afana ne-neutron nawo akhululwa. Kwimeko yokudibanisa i-deuterium kunye ne-tritium, i-17.6 MeV (izigidi ze-electron volts) zikhululwa kwi-reaction ye-fusion nganye. La mandla makhulu kakhulu kunalawo afumaneka kwi-fission yenyukliya.
Enye yeenzuzo eziphambili zokudityaniswa kwenyukliya kukuba i-deuterium inokutsalwa kumanzi olwandle, iyenze ingabinamda malunga nonikezelo lwamafutha. Kwelinye icala, i-tritium, nangona ingekho maninzi njenge-deuterium, inokuveliswa kwi-fusion reactors ngokwazo ngokubhobhoza i-lithium nge-neutron.
Yenziwa njani ukudityaniswa kwenyukliya?
Ukufezekisa ukudibanisa kwenyukliya eMhlabeni kubandakanya ukuvelisa kwakhona iimeko ezigqithisileyo, ezifana nezo zenzeka kumbindi weenkwenkwezi. Ukuze ii-nuclei zeathom zihlangane, kufuneka zoyise ukugxothwa kwendalo kwe-electrostatic phakathi kwazo, kwaye ukuze zenze njalo kufuneka zifikelele kumaqondo obushushu azizigidi nge-Celsius.
Kwii-reactors zovavanyo ezifana ne-Tokamaks kunye ne-Stellarators, iiathom zifudunyezwa ukuya kwi-degrees ezingaphezu kwe-100 lezigidi ukuze zenze isantya esaneleyo kunye namandla okuba i-nuclei isondelane ngokwaneleyo kwaye idibanise. Kula maqondo obushushu, izinto azisekho kwindawo eqinileyo, engamanzi okanye enerhasi, kodwa kwimeko yeplasma, igesi yeionized yamasuntswana ahlawuliweyo.
Ingxaki enkulu ngokuxubana kukuba akukho nto eMhlabeni enokumelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu ngaphandle kokunyibilika. Ke ngoko, kwii-reactors ze-fusion, iplasma kufuneka ivalwe yimagnethi enamandla ayithintelayo ekuchukumiseni iindonga zereactor. Le yindlela yokuvalelwa kwemagnethi, ebandakanya ukubamba iplasma ngaphakathi kwejiyometri ye-toroidal (emile okwesangqa) kusetyenziswa iimagnethi ezinkulu.
Enye indlela kukuvalelwa kwe-inertial, apho iilaser okanye imiqadi yamasuntswana isetyenziselwa ukucinezela iicapsules ezincinci ze-deuterium-tritium ukuya kuxinano oluphezulu kakhulu, okubangela ukuba amasuntswana adibane phambi kokuba abe nexesha lokwanda. Umzekelo ophawulekayo wale ndlela yiNational Ignition Facility (NIF) e-United States, eye yafikelela imida ebalulekileyo kuphando lwe-inertial fusion.
Iindlela zokuthintela inzululwazi
Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zokuzama ukuphumeza ukudityaniswa kwenyukliya okulawulwayo: ukuvalelwa kwemagnethi kunye nokuvalelwa kwe-inertial.
Ukuvalelwa kwemagneti: Le ndlela isekelwe ekusebenziseni imagnethi enamandla ukuze iqulathe iplasma eshushu. kwi-reactor itekakUmzekelo, iimagnethi ezimile okwe-toroid zinoxanduva lokugcina iplasma kude neendonga zereactor, evumela inkqubo yokudibanisa ukuba yenzeke ngaphandle kokupholisa kweplasma ngokukhawuleza.
Omnye weyona mingeni mikhulu kobu buchule kukuba kuphela iqhezu lamasuntswana akwiplasma alawula ukuhlanganisa. Ukuze ukudibanisa kusebenze kuqoqosho, ngaphezulu kwe-50% ye-plasma esebenzayo kufuneka iphunyezwe, eyaziwa ngokuba Lawson inqobo. Nangona iLanga lisebenzisa ukuvalelwa komxhuzulane ngenxa yobunzima balo obuninzi, eMhlabeni asinako ukuphinda-phinda olo xinzelelo, ngoko ke kufuneka sifikelele kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu.
Ukuvalelwa ngaphakathi: Esikhundleni sokuqulatha i-plasma enemimandla yamagnetic, ukuvalelwa kwe-inertial kuphakamisa ukusebenzisa i-lasers okanye i-particle beams ukucinezela i-deuterium kunye ne-tritium capsules. Umbono kukuba ngokucinezela ezi capsules ukuya kuxinaniso oluphezulu kakhulu kwaye emva koko uzifudumeze ngokukhawuleza, ukudibanisa kuqalwa phambi kokuba amasuntswana ashukume kakhulu.
Zombini ezi ndlela zinezibonelelo zazo kunye nezingeloncedo kuzo, kwaye izazinzulu ziyaqhubeka nokuphanda ukuba yeyiphi indlela eya kwenza ukuba i-reactors ye-fusion isebenze.
Iya kuba nentengiso nini?
Ngaphandle kwenkqubela phambili eyenziweyo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ukudityaniswa kwenyukliya kusasele kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka ukuba kufikeleleke kurhwebo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukubona urhwebo lokuqala lwezixhobo zenyukliya zokudibanisa inyukliya kunyaka ka-2050, nangona lo mhla uxhomekeke kakhulu kwinkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kunye nenkxaso-mali eqhubekayo yophando.
Nangona kunjalo, enye yeeprojekthi ezithembisayo yi NGAPHAMBILI (I-International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor), inzame yamazwe ngamazwe ejolise ekuboniseni ukubanakho kobugcisa nobunzululwazi bokudityaniswa kwenyukliya ngokuvalelwa kwemagnethi. Ukuba iimvavanyo ze-ITER ziphumelele, kuyathenjwa ukuba inokuvula indlela yokuyilwa kweereactors ezisekelwe kurhwebo.
Enye inkqubela ebalulekileyo ibe luphuhliso lwe iisuperconductors zobushushu obuphezulu kwiimagnethi ezisetyenziswa kwi-fusion reactors. Abaphandi be-MIT baye baphuhlisa umazibuthe ogqithisayo owenza imagnethi enamandla ngakumbi kunemagnethi yemveli, esebenzisa amandla aphantsi kakhulu. Ngokwezifundo, le teknoloji inokunciphisa ixabiso le-reactors ye-fusion nge-factor ye-40, okwenza udibaniso lwezorhwebo lungasebenzi kuphela, kodwa lunokubakho ukukhuphisana ngokweendleko.
Ukwenza udibaniso lube yinyani, akufuneki kuphela impumelelo yenzululwazi, kodwa kunye nentsebenziswano ebanzi yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuzinikela kwezopolitiko kunye nemali ukuxhasa uphando lwexesha elide. I-Fusion inamandla okuba ngumthombo wamandla ococekileyo, okhuselekileyo nongenasiphelo, kodwa ifuna utyalo-mali oluzinzileyo kunye neenzame ezilungelelanisiweyo zehlabathi.
Umdibaniso weNyukliya umele isithembiso samandla esikhulu esiya kuthi sisombulule uninzi lweengxaki ezijongene nempucuko yethu malunga nozinzo kunye nokhuseleko lwamandla. Nangona kunjalo, imiceli mngeni yenzululwazi, yobugcisa kunye neyolungiselelo ejongene nobu buchwepheshe mikhulu kakhulu. Njengoko uphando luqhubela phambili, kuyathenjwa ukuba kumashumi eminyaka azayo, ukudibanisa kungasuka ekugqibeleni kwilabhoratri kube yinxalenye yobonelelo lwamandla ehlabathi.