Kwimeko yehlabathi apho imigaqo-nkqubo yemozulu ifumana ukugqwesa kwaye amazwe afuna ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2, i-biofuels ivela njengenye yezisombululo eziphambili. Ukuthutha kubonisa icandelo elibalulekileyo, elivelisa i-29% ye-CO2 yokukhutshwa okufanayo kwihlabathi ngo-2019. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukufumana iindlela zokukhupha i-decarbonize le shishini kunye nesizukulwana sesibini kunye nesesithathu se-biofuels sidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwesi sicwangciso.
Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga ngokweenkcukacha ukuba zeziphi i-biofuels zesizukulwana sesibini kunye nesesithathu, ziveliswa njani, iimpawu zazo kunye neengenelo zazo kumafutha emveli.
Isizukulwana sokuqala se-biofuels
Isizukulwana sokuqala se-biofuels sifumaneka kwizityalo zezolimo ezenzelwe ukutya, ezinjengombona, umoba okanye iimbotyi zesoya. I-Bioethanol kunye ne-biodiesel yimizekelo emibini emele yolu hlobo lwe-biofuel. Yena bioethanol Ifumaneka ikakhulu kwizityalo ezineswekile eninzi okanye istatshi ngokuvundiswa, kwaye isetyenziswa ngokuxutywa nepetroli ukwenza amafutha ezithuthi. Kwelinye icala, i i-biodiesel Idalwe kwi-oyile yemifuno okanye amafutha ezilwanyana, ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yekhemikhali ebizwa ngokuba yi-transesterification.
Nangona ezi ze-biofuels ziyimfuneko kwinqanaba lokuqala lenguqu yamandla, zigxekwa ngokukhuphisana nokuveliswa kokutya, okunokunyusa amaxabiso kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, kubangele ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunye nokulahlekelwa kwezinto eziphilayo ngokunikezela imimandla emikhulu yezolimo yomhlaba ukwenzela imveliso. yamandla endaweni yokutya.
Isizukulwana sesibini kunye nesesithathu se-biofuels
Isizukulwana sesibini se-biofuels
Isizukulwana sesibini se-biofuels simele ukuphucuka okuphawulekayo kwisizukulwana sokuqala se-biofuels kuba imveliso yabo ayikhuphisani nesondlo sabantu. Ezi biofuels zifumaneka kwi-non-edible lignocellulosic feedstocks, kubandakanywa nenkunkuma yezolimo kunye nezamahlathi, ezifana i-straw, inkunkuma ye-cellulose, i-bagasse yeswekile, phakathi kwabanye.
Enye yezona teknoloji zisetyenziswayo kule nkqubo kukuveliswa kwe i-bioethanol yeseli, okubandakanya ukuchithwa kweekhemikhali zezinto ze-cellulosic usebenzisa i-enzymes kunye ne-microorganisms. Le nkqubo intsonkothe ngakumbi xa ithelekiswa neendlela zemveli, kodwa ivumela uzinzo olukhulu lwendalo ngokunika ukusetyenziswa okutsha kwizinto ezithathwa njengenkunkuma.
Omnye umthombo obalulekileyo kukufumana i-biodiesel evela iioli ezingatyiwayo, njengeoli ye-jatropha okanye i-algae. Ngale mithombo, siyayinqanda ingxaki yokukhuphisana nokutya, kwaye ukongezelela imihlaba engabalulekanga kunye nezityalo ezifuna imithombo yamanzi encinci iyasetyenziswa.
Enye yeenzuzo ezinkulu ze-biofuels zesizukulwana sesibini kukuba ziyakwazi ukunciphisa kakhulu ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse (GHG), ukuphucula ukuzinza kwecandelo lamandla kunye nokunciphisa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunye nokuthotywa komhlaba okubangelwa kukuveliswa kwee-biofuels zesizukulwana sokuqala.
Isizukulwana sesithathu se-biofuels
Isizukulwana sesithathu se-biofuels simele umda omtsha kwimveliso yamafutha azinzileyo. Baphuhliswa ukusuka microorganisms okanye algae abanamandla okuvelisa ioyile kunye nezinye iikhompawundi zamandla. I-algae, ngokukodwa, ngumthombo othembisayo ngenxa yokukwazi ukukhula kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa iindawo ezinamanzi anebrackish kunye namanzi amdaka, ngaphandle kokukhuphisana nomhlaba wokulima onemveliso.
Umzekelo ophambili wesizukulwana sesithathu se-biofuel i-microalgae biodiesel. I-Microalgae ikhuliswe kwii-reactors ezenzelwe ukwandisa ukusebenza kwazo, kwaye i-lipids eziqokelelayo ziyakhutshwa kwaye zicutshungulwe ukuvelisa amafutha. Le nkqubo inenzuzo yokungafuni ubuninzi bomhlaba, ngaphezu kokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwekhabhoni yokubamba, ekubeni i-algae igqwesileyo ekubanjeni i-CO2 ngexesha lokukhula kwabo.
Ngaphaya koko, i-biotechnology iye yavumela ukuguqulwa kofuzo kwii-microorganisms ezithile ukuvelisa i-biofuels ezineempawu ezifana ne-hydrocarbons yefosili. Ezi nkqubo zihamba phambili ziphantsi kophuhliso, kodwa zinamandla okwenza amafutha ahlaziyekayo ngokupheleleyo kwaye angenalo ukhuphiswano kunye nemithombo yokutya.
Iinjongo kunye nezibonelelo ze-biofuels zesizukulwana sesibini nesesithathu
Eyona njongo iphambili yesizukulwana sesibini nesesithathu se-biofuels ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kumafutha efosili ngelixa kuncitshiswa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yokuveliswa kwamandla kwihlabathi jikelele. Ezi biofuels zibonelela ngendlela ezinzileyo yokuhlangabezana neemfuno zamandla zecandelo lezothutho ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni imveliso yokutya okanye ukubangela umonakalo ongenakulungiseka kokusingqongileyo.
Ezinye zezona zibonelelo zibalulekileyo zezi:
- I-Reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero: Kuqikelelwa ukuba isizukulwana sesibini kunye nesesithathu i-biofuels inganciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 ukuya kuthi ga kwi-70% xa kuthelekiswa namafutha aqhelekileyo.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo ezingezizo ukutya: Ngokusekelwe kwinkunkuma engenakutyiwa kunye ne-microorganisms, ezi biofuels aziyikhawulezisi ingxaki yokutya okanye zibeke uxinzelelo kumaxabiso okutya.
- Ukuguquguquka kunye nokwahluka: Isizukulwana sesithathu se-biofuels sisebenzisa iindidi ezininzi zemithombo, ukusuka kwinkunkuma ukuya kwi-microalgae, evumela ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwimveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo.
Imingeni ekuvelisweni kwe-biofuels
Nangona amandla e-biofuels emakhulu, imveliso yawo isajongene nemingeni ethile. Omnye wemingeni ephambili yi ixabiso eliphezulu lemveliso, ngakumbi kwimeko ye-biofuels yesizukulwana sesithathu. Ukukhula kwe-algae okanye i-microorganisms yokuguqula imfuzo kufuna utyalo-mali olukhulu lokuqala kunye nobuchwepheshe obukhethekileyo.
Omnye umceli-mngeni kukufumaneka kweziseko ezingundoqo kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweendawo zokucokisa kunye nezityalo zemveliso ukuze zijongane kwaye zisetyenzwe ezi ntlobo zitsha ze-biofuels. Nangona kukho inkqubela phambili kweli candelo, kusekuninzi ekufuneka kwenziwe ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle nokwenza imveliso isebenze ngakumbi kwezoqoqosho.
Ekugqibeleni, kubalulekile ukulungisa imimiselo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu, ezahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kube nzima ukwamkelwa kwe-biofuels ngokubanzi. Ehlabathini lonke, inkxaso karhulumente enkulu, inkuthazo kunye nemimiselo iyafuneka ukukhuthaza utyalo-mali kobu buchwepheshe.
Ngale nkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe kunye nokugxininisa ngakumbi ekuphunyezweni kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokuhlaza, i-biofuels yesizukulwana sesibini kunye nesesithathu sinamandla okuba zizisombululo zokwenene ezizinzileyo zokutshatyalaliswa kwekhabhoni yezothutho.
Ezi biofuels zimela ikamva lamandla ahlaziyekayo, zisebenzisa imithombo engeyiyo yokutya kunye nokuvumela ukuncitshiswa okubonakalayo kokukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse. Ukuba imiceli mngeni ekhoyo ngoku malunga neendleko kunye nemveliso inokoyiswa, la mafutha aya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulweni nokutshintsha kwemozulu.