ukuguqula i-biowaste kwikhabhoni ehlaziyekayo Ayiseyiyo nje ingcamango yaselabhoratri, kodwa yinyani etshintsha indlela esilawula ngayo inkunkuma ephilayo, ukuvelisa amandla, kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo. Ukusuka ekucocweni kodaka ukuya ekuthanjisweni kweqhekeza lenkunkuma kamasipala, inkqubo yetekhnoloji neyoqoqosho iyakhiwa malunga nale ndlela intsha yokusebenzisa izinto eziphilayo.
Kulo mxholo, iiprojekthi ezifana ne-BIOKAR kwiLizwe laseBasque, izityalo eziqhubela phambili ze-biogas ezifana nese-Nieheim, eJamani, amanyathelo asekhaya okuqinisekisa ukuchithwa kwe-biowaste koomasipala baseSpain, kunye nokukhuthaza ihydrogen evela kwi-biomass Ukusetyenziswa kwe-biogenic CO₂ njengomthombo wepeyinti umfanekiso obanzi apho i-bioeconomy ejikelezayo ihamba khona. Apha ngezantsi, yonke le miba iphononongwa ngokweenkcukacha, idibanisa zombini ukuqhubela phambili kwethekhinoloji kunye neempembelelo zazo zokusingqongileyo, ezoqoqosho, kunye nezentlalo.
Ukusuka kwinkunkuma ephilayo ukuya kwixabiso eliphezulu lekhabhoni ehlaziyekayo
Ulawulo lwenkunkuma ephilayo ngokwemveli, kumashumi eminyaka, lubandakanya ukuthumela izixa ezikhulu inkunkuma ephilayo kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma okanye usetyenziso lwayo oluphantse lube lodwa lokubuyisela amandla asisiseko, ngaloo ndlela ichithe amandla ayo njengomthombo wezinto eziphathekayo. Kuluntu olufana nelizwe laseBasque, umzekelo, ngaphezu kweetoni ze-500.000 ze-sludge ezivela kwiindawo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka (i-WWTPs), i-digestate, inkunkuma yezolimo kunye nehlathi, kunye ne-debris yokusika iveliswa ngonyaka, uninzi lwawo olulahlwa ngokungafanelekanga.
Le modeli yomgca ithatha a ilahleko yezibonelelo kunye nomthombo wokukhupha izinto ezikhutshwayo yeegesi zegreenhouse, ukongeza ekwandiseni iindleko zolawulo. Ukuphendula, kuye kwavela iiprojekthi ezijongana ne-biowaste njengesixhobo sokuvelisa i-biochar, i-biomethane, i-hydrogen evuselelekayo, kunye nezinye iimveliso ezisetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kushishino, kwezolimo, kunye nolwakhiwo.
Kulo tshintsho lwe-paradigm, eyona nto iphambili ixhomekeke ekudibaniseni iteknoloji ye-thermochemical (efana ne-pyrolysis okanye i-hydrothermal carbonization), iinkqubo ze-biological eziphambili (ukulungiswa kwe-anaerobic digestion), kunye neenkqubo zokubamba kunye nokusetyenziswa. i-biogenic CO₂ eveliswa ngexesha lokuguqulwa, ngaloo ndlela ivala umjikelo wekhabhoni ngexesha elifutshane.
Iprojekthi ye-BIOKAR: ukuguqula inkunkuma ye-bio ibe yi-biochar esebenzayo
Iprojekthi ye-BIOKAR ithathwa njengempendulo yolwakhiwo kwingxaki yokungasetyenziswa kwenkunkuma yezinto eziphilayo kwiLizwe laseBasque, ecebisa ukuguqula I-500.000 yeetoni ze-biowaste ngonyaka kwi-biochar enexabiso eliphezulu eyongeziweyo kwizicelo ezininzi zoshishino. Eli nyathelo lijolise kudaka lwesityalo sokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka, ukugaywa, kunye nemveliso ye-agroforestry ethi namhlanje ubukhulu becala iphelela kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma okanye itshiswe ukuvelisa amandla.
Ukufezekisa oku, i-BIOKAR Consortium igxile kwiintsapho ezimbini zetekhnoloji ye-thermochemical: i-hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)Le ndlela ifanelekile kwimifudlana yenkunkuma enomxholo ophezulu womswakama, ngelixa i-pyrolysis ifaneleke ngakumbi kumaqhezu omileyo. Eyona njongo iphambili kukuguqula ngaphezulu kwe-80% yenkunkuma ephilayo yokuqala ibe yi-biochar ezinzileyo, ukunciphisa umthamo wokugqibela ofuna ulawulo olongezelelweyo.
Ukongeza ekwandiseni uguqulo, umsebenzi uyenziwa kwi ukusebenza kwe-biochar iveliswe. Oku kubandakanya ukulungiswa kweempawu zayo ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali—umzekelo, ngokunyusa isiqulatho sekhabhoni ngaphezulu kwe-70% kunye nokwandisa indawo yayo ethile ngaphezulu kwe-500 m²/g—ukuze ikwazi ukuthatha indawo ngokufanelekileyo nangokufanelekileyo amalahle efosili kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zamashishini.
I-biochar efunyenweyo iya kuqinisekiswa kwiindlela ezininzi zokusetyenziswa: njengento ye-adsorbent kwi- unyango lwamanzi ingcolisekile ngamakhompawundi avelayo, njengenxalenye ye-carbon aerogels eyenzelwe ukuhluzwa kwegesi ephezulu, kwaye njenge-additive kunye ne-stabilizer yomhlaba kwizinto zokwakha, kunye negalelo kwi-carbon sequestration yexesha elide.
Le ndlela yonke ivumela i-biochar ukuba ibekwe nje kuphela njenge-byproduct, kodwa njenge-a umthombo weqhinga ekwaziyo ukususa izinto ezisekwe kwifosili, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweCO₂ ezinxulumene nemveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo.
Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo, ezoqoqosho kunye nesetyhula
Uqikelelo olwenziwa kwisikhokelo se-BIOKAR lubonisa ukuba ukuqinisekiswa okuphucukileyo kweetoni ezingama-500.000 ze-biowaste engasetyenziswanga minyaka le inokuthintela ukujikeleza. I-13.000 yeetoni ze-CO₂ elinganayo ngonyakaOku kucuthwa kuvela kokubini kwisixa esincinci senkunkuma ethunyelwe kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma kunye nasekutshintshweni kwamalahle efosili nge-biochar ehlaziyekayo.
Kwinqanaba loqoqosho lwesetyhula, iprojekthi ilindele ukwanda okukhulu Imveliso yezinto eziphathekayo kunye nezinga lokujikelezaKuqikelelwa ukuba imveliso yemathiriyeli inokunyuka ngaphezulu kwe-90%, ngelixa ukujikeleza kwezibonelelo kuya kwanda malunga ne-50% ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwe-biochar kumakhonkco exabiso akhoyo.
Ngokwembono yezoqoqosho, i-BIOKAR iprojekthi yexabiso elongezelelweyo eliqikelelweyo I-5 yezigidi zee-euro ngonyaka Kwiinkampani ezithatha inxaxheba, eli xabiso liya kufezekiswa xa imodeli isetyenziswa kwinqanaba lemizi-mveliso. Eli xabiso lisuka kwintengiso ye- functionalized biochar, ngokunjalo nakwiinkonzo zendalo esingqongileyo ezinxulumeneyo kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zolawulo lwenkunkuma.
Ukonyusa eli khonkco lexabiso kukwanefuthe elicacileyo kwingqesho, ngokukhuthaza ukuyilwa imisebenzi yezakhono kwimimandla efana nobunjineli benkqubo, ukubonakaliswa kwemathiriyeli, ukusebenza kwezityalo eziphambili, kunye nozinzo lokubonisana. Ngokubanzi, i-eco-industry yaseBasque yomeleza isikhundla sayo njengenkokeli kwi-bioeconomy kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kwemozulu.
Le ndlela yokujongana ngqo neBasque Country's Circular Economy Strategy 2030 kunye neSicwangciso soThintelo lweNkunkuma noLawulo luka-2030, esichonga inkunkuma yendalo ephilayo njengento ephambili ngobuchule ukuqhubela phambili kwikhabhoni ephantsi, imodeli yemveliso ekhuphisanayo esekelwe ekusebenziseni ngokufanelekileyo izibonelelo.
Ikhonsortium ebandakanya lonke ikhonkco lexabiso
Ukuqina kwe-BIOKAR kusekelwe kwi-consortium edibanisa ii-arhente ezivela kwi- ukuqokelelwa kunye nolawulo lwenkunkuma ephilayo Ukususela ekusetyenzisweni kwemizi-mveliso ye-biochar ukuya kwi-R&D yobuchwepheshe, iprojekthi ikhokelwa yiCadagua, inkampani enikela ngamava ayo kubunjineli, ulwakhiwo, kunye nokusebenza kwezityalo zokucocwa kwamanzi.
Ecaleni kweCadagua, iinkampani ezininzi ezikhethekileyo zithatha inxaxheba, ziqinisekisa ulawulo olubanzi lwemijelo yenkunkuma eyahlukeneyo: iqumrhu eligxile kwizisombululo zokucoca kwimizi mveliso kunye nolawulo lokuphuma emoyeni, enye ezinikele ekugcinweni kweendawo eziluhlaza, umsebenzi wamahlathi kunye neendlela zikawonke-wonke, inkampani yokuhambisa umhlaba kunye nolawulo lwenkunkuma isebenzisa ii-aggregates ezisetyenzisiweyo, kunye nomdlali ophambili obandakanyekayo kwicandelo lehlathi eBasque. ulawulo oluzinzileyo lobutyebi bamahlathi.
Ukongeza koku ngu a umcebisi wamazwe ngamazwe Ezizodwa kuzinzo, iimarike zekhabhoni kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukuxhasa umlinganiselo, ukubeka iliso kunye nokuxatyiswa kwemozulu kunye neenzuzo zokusingqongileyo eziveliswa yiprojekthi, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwayo kwimimiselo yolawulo kunye nohlaza lwezemali.
Ukusuka kwimbono yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe, iziko lophando eliphambili liyabandakanywa iinkqubo ze-thermochemical (i-pyrolysis kunye ne-hydrothermal carbonization), ukubonakaliswa okuphezulu kwezinto eziphathekayo, kunye nezisombululo ze-valorization ye-biogenic waste. Ecaleni kwayo, iqela lokusingqongileyo elidibanisa iinkampani kunye namaqumrhu kwicandelo lisebenza njengeqonga lokusasaza, ukudlulisa, kunye nokunyusa iziphumo.
Esi sikhokelo sikarhulumente nesabucala sibonisa ukuzinikela a imodeli yokuvelisa i-carbon-neutral kunye nokuzimisela ukusuka kwiiprojekthi ezilingwayo ukuya ekuphunyezweni kokwenyani kummandla, okunefuthe elibonakalayo kwezentlalo, kwezoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Inkxaso yeziko kunye nenkxaso-mali yokusungula izinto ezintsha
Ukuze ezi ntlobo zamanyathelo ziqhubele phambili ukusuka kwisigaba selabhoratri ukuya ekuhanjisweni kwezorhwebo, kubalulekile ukuba izixhobo zenkxaso-mali yoluntu ezabelana ngomngcipheko wezobuchwepheshe. Kwimeko ye-BIOKAR, iprojekthi ixhamla kwinkxaso yenkqubo ye-HAZITEK 2025 yoRhulumente waseBasque, egxile ekuxhaseni iiprojekthi zeR & D zeshishini ezihambelana nokukhuphisana, intsebenziswano phakathi kwamacandelo, kunye nokuzinza.
Olu ncedo luvela kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lweSebe lezoShishino, iNguqu yaMandla kunye noZinzo, ngokunjalo nakwiNgxowa-mali yoPhuhliso lweNgingqi yaseYurophu (ERDF), ukuqinisa inkalo yaseYurophu yotshintsho olusingise kuRhulumente weNtshona Koloni. uqoqosho lwekhabhoni ephantsiOlu hlobo lwenkxaso lwenza kube lula kwiinkampani kunye namaziko eteknoloji ukuvavanya kunye nokwandisa iteknoloji enzima njenge-HTC okanye i-pyrolysis ephezulu.
Ngokudibanisa ezi projekthi kunye noqoqosho lwesetyhula yengingqi kunye norhulumente kunye nezicwangciso zokulawula inkunkuma, kuqinisekiswa ukuba iziphumo azikho zodwa, kodwa kunoko zidityaniswe kwizicwangciso zenguqu yemizi-mveliso ebanzi, igalelo kwiinjongo zemozulu, kunye nokuvelisa. intsebenziswano yolawulo noqoqosho.
Izityalo ze-biogas eziphucukileyo: umzekelo waseNieheim
Ukongeza kwindlela ye-thermochemical ye-biochar, ukugaywa kwe-anaerobic kwe-biowaste yasezidolophini kunye ne-agro-industrial biowaste sesinye isithinteli esikhulu sokuguqula izinto eziphilayo zibe ikhabhoni ehlaziyekayo ngohlobo lwe-biogas, i-biomethane, kunye ne-CO₂ esebenzayo ye-biogenic. Umzekelo ophawulekayo sisityalo saseNieheim eJamani, esiqhutywa liqela le-Eggersmann.
Esi sibonelelo, ebesisebenza ukusukela ngo-2007 sisebenzisa ibhetshi eyomileyo, siyaguqulwa ukuze samkele inkqubo ukuvubela okomileyo okuqhubekayoInjongo kukwandisa kakhulu imveliso ye-biogas esuka kwiqhezu lenkunkuma kamasipala. Uphuculo luya kuvumela ukusetyenzwa malunga neetoni ezingama-54.000 zenkunkuma ephilayo ngonyaka.
Utshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe lukhatshwa lutshintsho kwindawo ekusingwa kuyo i-biogas: endaweni yokuyisebenzisa ikakhulu ukuvelisa umbane, bayabheja kubo ukuphuculwa kwebhayomethane ngomgangatho werhasi yendalo, enokuthi ifakwe kuthungelwano lwemibhobho yerhasi kwaye isetyenziswe kusetyenziso lwe-thermal nakwimizi-mveliso enexabiso eliphezulu lamandla.
Isityalo sidibanisa a i-injini yomoya kunye ne-photovoltaic enkulu yokuthunyelwaNgaloo ndlela, inxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu yamandla ombane afunekayo kwinkqubo yokuphucula aveliswa ngokutsha kwindawo, ukunciphisa i-carbon footprint iyonke.
Le ndibaniselwano ibeka i-Nieheim njengomzekelo we umzi-mveliso wamandla oxutyiweyoapho ukugaywa kwenkunkuma yebhayoloji kudityaniswe nokuveliswa kombane ohlaziyekayo kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lwamandla ngobuchule ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa izinto ezikhutshwayo ezinxulumeneyo.
Ulawulo lwamandla ahlakaniphile kunye nekhabhoni engalunganga
Omnye weyona miba itsha kakhulu kwiplanti yaseNieheim lulawulo lwawo lwamandla olusekwe ingqiqoInkqubo ilawula xa i-biogas iguqulwa ibe yi-biomethane ngokusekelwe kubukho bombane ohlaziyekayo oveliswa kumzi-mveliso ngokwawo (umoya kunye nelanga). Ukuba nangaliphi na ixesha kukho umbane onganelanga kwisiza, i-biogas igcinwa okwethutyana kumatanki amakhulu.
Oku kuthintela ukusebenzisa amandla avela kwigridi ngexesha apho umxube wombane unokuba nekhabhoni ephezulu, ukulungelelanisa imisebenzi ukubeka phambili amaxesha kunye nokungena kwamandla ahlaziyekayo. Le ndlela inceda ukunciphisa i-carbon footprint ehambelana nenkqubo yokuphucula kunye nokuphucula ulungelelwaniso lwemozulu yehlabathi ufakelo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-CO₂ ehlukaniswe kwi-biogas ngexesha lokuphucula isetyenziselwa iinjongo zexabiso eliphezulu. Inxalenye yayo iguqulwa ibe umkhenkce owomileyo we-biogenic, esetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zoshishino ezifana nokudutyulwa kokudubula kwendawo yonyango okanye kwizicelo ezikhethekileyo zokupholisa.
Elinye iqhezu le-CO₂ elibanjiweyo ligcinwe ngokusisigxina kwizinto zokwakha, ezifana nekhonkrithi ehlaziyiweyo, apho ihlala igxininisekile kwimveliso yonke yokuphila. Esi sicwangciso sokusebenzisa kunye nokugcina i-biogenic CO₂ ivumela isityalo saseNieheim ukuba singavelisi amandla ahlaziyekayo kunye ne-biogas engathathi hlangothi kwimozulu, kodwa kunye nokunqwenela ukuba ne nokuba yikhabhoni engalunganga.
Ngokudibanisa isizukulwana esihlaziyekayo, ukugaywa kwenkunkuma yebhayoloji, ukuphuculwa kwebiomethane, kunye nokubanjwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweCO₂, iNieheim iba luphawu lwendlela isityalo sokucocwa kwenkunkuma ephilayo esinokuvela sibe yinyani. i-carbon biorefinery ehlaziyekayo.
Umgquba, izichumisi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezolimo
Iinkqubo zokwetyisa iAnaerobic zivelisa kungekuphela nje i-biogas kodwa kunye ne-digestate ehlala ingumthombo womdla ophezulu we-agronomic. E-Nieheim, ulawulo lwe-digestate lwenzelwe ukugcina nokuphucula umgangatho womgquba eveliswe, ethobela imigangatho engqongqo yoqinisekiso.
I-digestate evela kwi-plug flow fermenter ikholisa ukuba nesiqulatho sokufuma esiphezulu kakhulu sokwenza umgquba othe ngqo. Ke ngoko, ifumana inkqubo yokwahlula ibe ngamaqhezu aqinileyo kunye nolwelo. Iqhezu eliqinileyo lisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwe-compost ekumgangatho ophezulu, ngelixa i-fraction ye-liquid ithengiswa njenge isichumiso esingamanziingakumbi kwimimandla yezolimo ekufutshane.
Este ukusetyenziswa kabini ivumela imbuyekezo izondlo zomzimba emhlabeni, ukuphucula ubume bayo kunye nokuchuma, ngelixa uvala umjikelo wezinto eziphilayo ngaxeshanye. Amava aqokelelwe ukusukela phakathi kwiminyaka yamashumi alithoba licandelo le-Eggersmann Group lokubumba umgquba libe negalelo ekugqibeleleni iipaneli zokulawula, amaxesha okuvuthwa, kunye nemixube yezinto.
Ngokwesiqhelo, amafama akummandla axhamla kunikezelo oluzinzileyo lwe izilungiso eziphilayo kunye nezichumisi ezingamanzi ezivela kwinkunkuma kamasipala kunye ne-agro-industrial, idala isangqa esilungileyo phakathi kwezixeko kunye namaphandle esinciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwizichumisi ezisekelwe kwifosili.
Lo mzekelo ubonisa ukuba i-valorization ye-biowaste ayiphelelanga kwimveliso yamandla, kodwa ibandakanya uluhlu olupheleleyo lweemveliso eziphathekayo ngokusekelwe ikhabhoni ehlaziyekayo ezigcina ikhabhoni ebanjiweyo emhlabeni okanye kwiimveliso ezihlala ixesha elide.
I-Hydrogen ephuma kwi-biomass njengento ehambisa amandla
Enye inkalo ephambili yenguqu kwikhabhoni evuselelekayo kukuveliswa kwe i-hydrogen evela kwi-biomass (I-Bio-H₂). Uphando lwakutsha nje oluvela kwiYunivesithi yaseYale luhlalutye ngokweenkcukacha ukusebenza kwale vector yamandla njengesixhobo sokunciphisa ukukhutshwa, ngakumbi kumacandelo apho i-decarbonization inzima, njengentsimbi, iinkqubo ezithile zeekhemikhali okanye uthutho olunzima.
I-Hydrogen ithathwa njenge-fuel ecocekileyo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa, njengoko ukuguqulwa kwamandla akwenzi i-CO₂, kodwa ukukhutshwa okuhambelanayo kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela yokuvelisa. Okwangoku, uninzi lwe-hydrogen lufunyenwe ngokuguqula igesi yendalo, nge umgangatho ophezulu wekhabhoniNgokwahlukileyo koko, i-Bio-H₂ ibonakala njengenye indlela, nangona ingasoloko iphantsi kwizinto ezikhutshwayo njenge-hydrogen eveliswa yi-electrolysis enokuhlaziywa, ibonelela ngokunciphisa okubalulekileyo xa kuthelekiswa ne-hydrogen yefosili.
Uphononongo lwaseYale ludibanise izixhobo ezivela uvavanyo lomjikelo wobomi (LCA) kunye nemodeli yohlalutyo lwe-GCAM yehlabathi jikelele, ukudibanisa imiba yokubonelela, imfuno, imigaqo-nkqubo yenkuthazo, kunye nokufumaneka kwezixhobo. Isakhelo esiphuhlisiweyo sivumela uvavanyo kungekuphela nje ukukhutshwa okuthe ngqo kodwa kunye neziphumo zexesha elide kumacandelo kunye nemimandla eyahlukeneyo.
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvelisa zahlalutywa, kuquka i-electrolysis enikwe amandla ahlaziyekayo kunye nokufakwa kwegesi okanye uhlaziyo lwenkunkuma ephilayo nenkunkuma yezolimo nezamahlathi. Kwakhona kwaqwalaselwa indlela inkuthazo eya kutshintsha ngayo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo, ngokomzekelo, ukupheliswa okucwangcisiweyo kweekhredithi ezithile zerhafu zehydrogen ecocekileyo eUnited States ukususela ngowama-2027.
Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukufakwa kwe ihydrogen evela kwi-biomass Ukongeza i-hydrogen kumxube wamandla unokuphindaphinda ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-1,6 ukuya kwi-2 kwixesha le-2025-2050 xa kuthelekiswa neemeko apho olu hlobo lwe-hydrogen lungasetyenziswanga, ngakumbi ukuba akukho xabiso lekhabhoni elibanzi kunye nelifanayo.
I-Biomass, iintsalela zehlathi kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokuxhasa i-Bio-H₂
I-Biomass ilungele ukuguqulwa kwi-Bio-H₂ ibandakanya zombini izityalo zamandla Iintlobo ezithile (ezifana ne-miscanthus okanye i-switchgrass) zingasetyenziswa, kunye noluhlu olubanzi lweentsalela zezolimo nezamahlathi. Ukusetyenziswa kweentsalela zamahlathi kunomdla ngokukhethekileyo, njengoko kunceda ukunciphisa ukuqokelelwa kwamafutha emahlathini, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wemililo kunye nokuvelisa ixabiso lezoqoqosho kwimimandla yasemaphandleni.
Ngokungabikho kwexabiso lekhabhoni yelizwe, abaphandi abacinga ukuba ayinakwenzeka kwixesha elifutshane kwamanye amazwe, inkuthazo yecandelo idlala indima ebalulekileyo. Imilinganiselo efana nenkxaso-mali ejoliswe kwiintsimbi zentsimbi okanye amanye amashishini awamkelayo iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwi-hydrogen Banokukhawulezisa ukuphunyezwa kwe-Bio-H₂ kwaye baphucule kakhulu ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa.
Uphononongo lucebisa ukuba, phantsi kweemeko ezithile, i izibonelelo ezithile Amanyathelo ajolise ekwehliseni iindleko zokwamkelwa kwe-hydrogen kushishino lunokusebenza ngakumbi kunexabiso lekhabhoni eliqhelekileyo ekuqhubeni inguqu kubathwali bamandla ekhabhoni ephantsi.
Kwakhona kuphawulwe ukuba, nangona i-electrolysis yamanzi ehlaziywayo inika amandla okwenza i-hydrogen engakhutshwayo, ijongene nemida ebalulekileyo, efana neendleko eziphezulu zenkunzi, ukufumaneka komhlaba wokuhlaziya, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi okunzulu. Kulo mongo, i-Bio-H₂ ivela njenge isisombululo esongezelelweyo, ingakumbi kwixesha elifutshane neliphakathi.
Zithathiwe kunye, ezi ziphumo zomeleza uluvo lokuba ukuguqula i-biowaste kunye ne-biomass zibe zii-vectors ezifana ne-hydrogen evuselelekayo ayincedi kuphela ukuvala imijikelo yekhabhoni, kodwa ikwavula amathuba amatsha i-bioeconomy ejikelezayo kwimimandla enemithombo eninzi yezinto eziphilayo.
Izityalo zikamasipala zenkunkuma yendalo kunye nezivumelwano zamashishini abucala
Kwinqanaba lendawo ethe chatha, ukuphunyezwa kwezityalo zokucocwa kwe-biowaste ezivelisa i-biogas kunye ne-biomethane kuvelisa izivumelwano zentsebenziswano phakathi koomasipala kunye neenkampani zabucala. Umzekelo ongumzekelo sisivumelwano esithathelwa ingqalelo kumasipala ofana neColmenar Viejo, apho a unyango kunye nesityalo recovery yezinto eziphilayo ezivela kwingqokelela ekhethiweyo.
Kule meko, abaphuhlisi abakhethekileyo kulawulo lwenkunkuma kunye namandla avuselelekayo baya kuba noxanduva loyilo, ukwakhiwa, ukusebenza, kunye nokugcinwa kwendawo, eya kuguqula izinto eziphilayo zibe yi-biogas. Emva kokucoca, i-biogas iya kuguqulwa ibe biomethane ilungele ukutofwa ngokuthe ngqo kuthungelwano lombhobho werhasi esisiseko, ukongeza ekuveliseni imveliso yemveliso yolimo.
Umzi-mveliso uya kuba nomthamo omkhulu wokucoca i-75.000 yeetoni ze-biowaste ngonyaka kwaye uya kuyilwa ngendlela engqongqo yokusingqongileyo: akukho ludaka okanye intsalela yezilwanyana iya kwamkelwa, kwaye umsebenzi uya kwenziwa iisekethe ezivaliweyo kunye neendawo ezivaliweyo kwaye akusayi kubakho machibi avulekileyo, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswa ukukhutshwa kwevumba kunye neempembelelo ezinokuthi zibe kho kokusingqongileyo.
Esona sidingo siphambili sikarhulumente kamasipala ibe kukutshintshwa komdala vula ichibi leachate ngenkqubo evaliweyo negqunyiweyo ephinda ijikelezise iziqulatho, ukuphepha nayiphi na ingozi yokungena kumhlaba okanye kwi-aquifers, kunye nokuphucula ukwamkelwa kwentlalo kwesityalo.
Ngokwembono yezoqoqosho, isivumelwano sibona kwangaphambili ingeniso kunye nembuyekezo yebhunga ledolophu elinxulumene neerhafu ezifana ne-ICIO, i-IAE okanye i-IBI, ukongeza kwezinye izibonelelo ezinxulumene ne-IBI. simahla okanye ulawulo oluthotyiweyo egameni leqela likamasipala esele likhona iinkonzo zamandla, ezifana nokuzenzela amandla ahlaziyekayo sele iinkonzo zamandla, ezifana nokubonelela ngokufudumeza simahla kumaziko emfundo kamasipala.
Isityalo siya kuba nomthamo omkhulu wokunyanga i-75.000 yeetoni ze-bio-waste ngonyaka kwaye iya kuyilwa kunye neendlela ezithintelayo zokusingqongileyo: akukho ludaka okanye intsalela yezilwanyana iya kufunyanwa, umsebenzi uya kwenziwa ngeesekethe ezivaliweyo kunye neendawo ezivaliweyo kwaye akuyi kuba namachibi avulekileyo, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswe ukukhutshwa kwevumba kunye neempembelelo ezinokubakho kwindalo.
Esona sidingo siphambili sikarhulumente kamasipala ibe kukutshintshwa komdala vula ichibi leachate ngenkqubo evaliweyo negqunyiweyo ephinda ijikelezise iziqulatho, ukuphepha nayiphi na ingozi yokungena kumhlaba okanye kwi-aquifers, kunye nokuphucula ukwamkelwa kwentlalo kwesityalo.
Iinzuzo zokusingqongileyo, intlalontle kunye nezemfundo kwinqanaba lengingqi
Isivumelwano somzi-mveliso omtsha we-biowaste sibandakanya iseti ye iinzuzo eziphathekayo kuluntu, ngaphaya kolawulo lwenkunkuma ngokwayo. Oku kuquka ukuyilwa kwegumbi lokufundela lokusingqongileyo apho iinkqubo zoqeqesho nokwazisa ngokwenziwa ngokutsha kwenkunkuma yebhayoloji kunye noqoqosho lwesetyhula luya kuphuhliswa kubahlali, imibutho, kunye namaziko emfundo.
Uthungelwano lomlinganiselo luya kufakelwa kwakhona umgangatho womoya Ubuncinci bezixhobo zoluvo ezithathu ezisasazwe kumasipala wonke, kuyakwenzeka ukubeka iliso kumanqanaba ongcoliseko kunye nokwahluka ngexesha lokwenyani. Olu lwazi luya kuba luncedo kulawulo nakuluntu, ukuqinisa ukungafihli malunga neempembelelo zomzi mveliso.
Inkampani ekhuthazayo iya kuthatha iindleko zoqeqesho olwahlukeneyo, imisebenzi yezentlalo nezokusingqongileyo, kwaye iya kuhlawulela ukusetyenziswa kwerhasi yendalo kwizikolo zikamasipala, ivelise ulondolozo lwezoqoqosho oluthe ngqo kwingxowa yengingqi kunye nokukhulula izixhobo zezinye iinkonzo zoluntu.
Esinye isibophelelo esibalulekileyo kukuhlanganiswa kwembonakalo-mhlaba: imithi iya kutyalwa ijikeleze umjikelezo nangaphakathi kwendawo, ngenjongo yokuphucula ukudityaniswa okubonakalayo kwendawo kunye negalelo i-carbon footprint offsetting ezinxulumene nomsebenzi wayo. Ukongeza, okuphambili kuya kunikezelwa ekuqeshweni kwabasebenzi bendawo, ukukhuthaza ingqesho yendawo kunye nokomeleza ikhonkco phakathi kweplanti kunye noluntu.
Ngokwemigaqo yokusebenza, izinto eziphilayo eziqokelelwe kumasipala ziya kuba nokungena kuqala kumzi-mveliso ngexabiso leeuro eziziro ngetoni ukuya kutsho kwipesenti ethile yomthamo uwonke, ngaloo ndlela kukhuthazwa ulawulo olululo lwenkunkuma. ukwahlukana kumthombo ngabahlali kwaye yehlisa iindleko zonyango kwibhunga lesixeko.
I-Biogenic CO₂: ukusuka kwinkunkuma yegesi ukuya kwisixhobo esixabisekileyo
Ukwetyisa kwe-anaerobic kwe-biowaste kuvelisa i-biogas equka malunga nama-60% e-methane kunye nama-40 ekhulwini ngalinye ikharbon diokside. i-biogenic CO₂Ukufumana i-biomethane yococeko oluphezulu (ngaphezu kwe-99%), kuyafuneka ukuba zohlulwe zombini iigesi ngeenkqubo zokuphucula, ezivelisa ukuhamba okuxineneyo kwekharbon diokside ethi, kude nokuba yinkcitho, ibe ngumthombo ongundoqo.
Emva kokuba ihlulwe, i-CO₂ inokuqhubela phambili iinkqubo zokuhlanjululwa kunye ulweloi-liquefied CO₂ iguqulwa isuke kwi-gaseous ibe yi-liquid state, isusa ukungcola. Le CO₂ i-liquefied ineendlela ezininzi zokusetyenziswa kwezoshishino kunye nezorhwebo, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuwela kwi-carbon capture kunye nokusetyenziswa (CCU) izicwangciso ezihamba kunye nokuguqulwa kwamandla.
Phakathi kwezona zicelo zisekiweyo ze-biogenic CO₂ kukwenziwa kwe iziselo ezihlwahlwazayo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezityalo, ukugcinwa kokutya kunye nefriji ethile okanye iinkqubo zokukhenkceza, ezifana nezitofu zokugonya kwiimeko ezinzima zempilo.
Kukwakho usetyenziso oluphambili lwamashishini, olunje ngonyango lwentsimbi, ukuqhushumba komkhenkce owomileyo, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengento ekrwada yokuvelisa. Amafutha okwenziwaimethane yokwenziwa okanye i-methanol, kunye namafutha eenqwelomoya azinzileyo. Kuzo zonke ezi meko, i-CO₂ idibaniswe kwiimveliso okanye iinkqubo ezinciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwi-carbon ye-fossil.
Ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwayo, enye inketho kukugcinwa kwejoloji okanye ukugcinwa kwizinto zokwakha, apho i i-biogenic CO₂ ilungisiwe ixesha elide kwaye ayibuyeli emoyeni. Olu khetho luvumela ukukhutshwa okungalunganga, ekubeni i-CO₂ ekuqaleni ivela emoyeni (ithathwe zizityalo) kwaye, emva kokubanjwa kwayo, ukubuyela kwayo emoyeni kuthintelwe.
Umahluko phakathi kwe-CO₂ yefosili kunye ne-biogenic CO₂
Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwezi nkqubo, kubalulekile ukwahlula phakathi ifosili CO₂ kunye ne-biogenic CO₂I<em>fossil carbon dioxide ikhutshwa xa kutshiswe izibaso ezifana neoli, igesi yendalo, okanye amalahle, nto leyo eyongeza ikharbhon entsha emoyeni, nto leyo eyandisa ukuxinana kwayo nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
I-Biogenic CO₂, kwelinye icala, inxalenye ye umjikelo omfutshane wekhabhoniIzityalo zifunxa i-CO₂ emoyeni nge-photosynthesis kwaye ziyifake kwi-biomass yazo. Xa loo biomass ibola okanye icutshungulwa (umzekelo, kwi-anaerobic digesters), i-CO₂ ibuyela emoyeni okanye emhlabeni, ivale umjikelo okhawulezayo.
Xa sibamba kwaye sisebenzise le CO₂ ye-biogenic kwiimveliso okanye ukuyigcina ngendlela ezinzileyo, asinyusi isixa esipheleleyo se-CO₂ emoyeni, kodwa kunoko silawula ikhabhoni eyayisele iyinxalenye yenkqubo yendalo. Yiyo loo nto uninzi lwezi zisombululo ziqwalaselwa ikhabhoni ephantsi okanye engalungangangaphandle kokuba wonke umjikelo wobomi ulawulwa kakuhle.
Ke, ukuguqula i-biowaste ibe yi-biogas esebenzisekayo, i-biomethane, i-biochar, i-Bio-H₂ okanye i-biogenic CO₂ ifuna isicwangciso esibanzi ukusetyenziswa kwekhabhoni ehlaziyiweyoUkudibanisa obu buchwepheshe kwimigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu, iiprojekthi zoshishino, kunye nezivumelwano zasekuhlaleni zivumela into eyayiyingxaki yenkunkuma ukuba ibe yi-asethi yamandla kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Yonke le nethiwekhi yeeprojekthi, itekhnoloji, kunye nezivumelwano zibonisa ukuba i-biowaste ingaba sisiseko sesizukulwana esitsha sezisombululo ezisekelwe ikhabhoni ehlaziyekayo, apho i-biochar esebenzayo, i-biomethane, i-biomass hydrogen kunye nexabiso le-CO₂ ye-biogenic zidityanisiwe, ivelisa ngaxeshanye ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa, amathuba ezoqoqosho, ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kunye neenzuzo ezibonakalayo kwintsimi kunye nabemi bayo.
