La Indalo iqala ukulinganiswa ngokuthula kwayo njengoko ilinganiswa nangezandi zayo.Apho ngaphambili kwakwanele ukujonga khona, ngoku izazinzulu nazo kufuneka zimamele ukuze ziqonde okwenzekayo kubomi emhlabeni kwaye ziqonde amava okuva kwindaloPhakathi kwengxaki yezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo, ukuva kuye kwaba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo, kwaye iintaka, uhlobo lwe-thermometer yesandi sempilo ye-ecosystem.
Kule meko, kuzelwe iprojekthi yokuqala: a ibhanki yesandi seentaka yehlabathi eyenzelwe ukumamela izinto ezahlukeneyo zeplanethiEmva kwale nkqubo kukho iqela elikhulu lamazwe ngamazwe elikhokelwa livela eSpain eliye lafezekisa into eyayibonakala ngathi yintsomi yesayensi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku: ukuqokelela, ukubhala amanqaku ngokuchanekileyo nokwenza ukuba kufumaneke esidlangalaleni amawaka eerekhodi zeengoma zeentaka kunye neefowuni ezivela phantse kwihlabathi liphela.
Yintoni iWABAD World Bird Sound Bank?
I-World Annotated Bird Acoustic Dataset (WABAD) ligama elipheleleyo lale ngxelo inkulu yesandi yehlabathi. Yiseti yedatha ye-acoustic eneenkcukacha ezichanekileyo ngeentaka, eyenziwe ngenjongo ecacileyo: ukwenza lula uphuhliso lwee-algorithms ezithi ukuchonga ngokuzenzekelayo iintlobo ngeentlobo ngeengoma okanye iminxeba yazokwaye basebenzise olo lwazi ukujonga izinto ezahlukeneyo ngomlinganiselo omkhulu.
Iprojekthi i iququzelelwe zizazinzulu zebhayoloji zaseSpain uEsther Sebastián-González, evela kwiSebe le-Ecology kwiYunivesithi yase-Alicante (UA), kunye UCristian Pérez-Granados, ukusuka kwi-Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), eSolsona (Lleida). Into eyaqala njengombono weqela elincinci leengcali iye yaba yinethiwekhi yezenzululwazi yamazwe ngamazwe abaphandi abangaphezu kwekhulu abavela kumazwe angama-29 ukubandakanyeka ekuqokeleleni nasekurekhodweni kwedatha.
Le bhanki kawonke-wonke iqokelela iirekhodi zeentlobo zeentaka eziphantse zibe yi-1.200 ezivela kuwo onke amazwekazi amahlanuNgamanye amazwi, asijongani nengqokelela yasekuhlaleni okanye engaphelelanga, kodwa sijongana nogcino lwehlabathi oludibanisa imisindo evela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo: amahlathi ashushu, iindawo ezimanzi ezikunxweme, amadlelo, iintaba zeMeditera, iindawo zezolimo okanye amahlathi aseAsia, phakathi kwezinye ezininzi.
Ingcamango esisiseko ilula kwaye inamandlaUkuba siyazi ukuba zeziphi iintaka ezicula kwindawo ethile kwaye ngaliphi ixesha, singaqonda ukuba loo nkqubo yendalo itshintsha njani ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kwaye ukuba singaqeqesha ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa ukuba buziqonde ngokuzenzekelayo ezo ngoma, ngoko singajonga iindawo ezinkulu zeplanethi ngaphandle kokufuna iingcali zeentaka ezihlala zijikeleza kulo mmandla.
Ngamafutshane, i-WABAD iziveza njenge isiseko sesayensi esibalulekileyo sokumamela imeko yezinto ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo, ukuvelisa idatha ethembekileyo nokuxhasa ukwenziwa kwezigqibo kulondolozo kunye nolawulo lokusingqongileyo kumanqanaba asekuhlaleni nawamazwe ngamazwe.
Ingqokelela yezandi zehlabathi: amanani kunye nobubanzi beprojekthi
Enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo ze-WABAD kukuba ubukhulu kunye nokwahlukahluka komxholo wayoAkupheleli nje ekuqokeleleni iirekhodi zesandi ezizimeleyo, kodwa malunga nokwakha umfanekiso wesandi oneenkcukacha ezininzi weentaka zehlabathi. Idatha ekhoyo ngoku ibandakanya oku kulandelayo:
- Imizuzu engama-5.047 yeefayile zeaudio ihlalutywe kwaye yaqatshelwa.
- Iithegi zokubiza amagama ezingaphezu kwama-90.000 yeentaka, nganye inxulunyaniswa nohlobo oluthile kunye nexesha elithile kwirekhodi.
- Iintlobo zeentaka ezirekhodiweyo eziyi-1.192, eziphantse zibe yi-1.200 iyonke ekhankanyiweyo kwiinkcazo ngokubanzi zeprojekthi.
- Iindawo zokuhlala ezingama-72 ezahlukeneyo ezisasazwe kwihlabathi liphela, ukusuka kumahlathi anemozulu epholileyo ukuya kumahlathi emvula ashushu, kuquka imigxobhozo, ihlathi laseMeditera okanye iindawo zasemaphandleni.
Le datha ivela kwi uluhlu olubanzi lwamazweOlu luhlu luquka iindawo ezahlukeneyo ezifana neVietnam, iTaiwan, iNew Caledonia, iGuinea-Bissau, iGuatemala, iTshayina, iCyprus, iUkraine, iCosta Rica, iArgentina, iBurkina Faso, iDominican Republic, iNew Zealand, iPoland, iSweden, iCameroon, iScotland, iKhanada, iUnited States, iUganda, iJamani, iFrance, iGrisi, iMexico, iColombia, iBrazil, iIndonesia, kwaye, ewe, iSpain.
Ukuba sihlalutya umthamo wolwazi ngokwelizwekazi, IYurophu ikhokela kuluhlu nge Imizuzu eli-1.722 yokurekhodamalunga nesinye kwisithathu senani lilonke. Oku kulandelwa Amazwe ase-Ibero-Amerika anemizuzu engama-939, UMntla Melika kunye ne-858, I-Asia kunye ne-831, Afrika enama-408 y I-Oceania enemizuzu engama-289Olu sasazo lubonisa, kwelinye icala, apho umsebenzi ubunzima khona ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kwaye kwelinye icala, imimandla enethuba elikhulu lokukhula kwizigaba ezizayo zeprojekthi.
Ixabiso le-WABAD alikho kwinani lemizuzu eqokelelweyo kuphela, kodwa nakwi umgangatho kunye nokuchaneka kwezichazi-magamaIsandi ngasinye siphawulwa ngomzuzwana ngqo intaka ekhupha ingoma okanye isandi, nto leyo enika iinkcukacha ezingaqhelekanga. Olu phawu lwesibini luvumela ukwakhiwa iiseti zoqeqesho ezintle kakhulu zee-algorithms zobukrelekrele bokwenziwaekwaziyo ukufunda ukwahlula iintlobo ngeentlobo nokuba kukho izandi ezininzi ezihambelanayo okanye ingxolo engasemva, kuquka ungcoliseko lwengxolo.
Ngenxa yolu dibaniso lobubanzi beendawo, iintlobo ngeentlobo zeendawo zokuhlala, kunye nenkcazelo echanekileyo, i-WABAD iphakathi kweendawo iidathabheyisi zeentaka ezipheleleyo neziqinileyo eziphuhliswe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kwaye iba yintsika ye-bioacoustics kunye ne-ecology yesandi.
Indlela eqokelelwa ngayo kwaye ichazwa ngayo iirekhodi zeentaka
Ukondla le database yehlabathi, akwanelanga ukuya entsimini usebenzisa irekhoda ephathwayo uze urekhode iingoma ezimbalwa zeentaka. Le ndlela isekelwe ekusebenziseni izixhobo zokurekhoda ngokuzenzekelayo ezifakwe endle, ezihlala kwindawo enye kangangeeveki okanye iinyanga, zibamba yonke into evakalayo ejikeleze zona.
Ezi Iirekhoda ze-acoustic zishiywe zifihliwe kwindawo yendaloEzi sensors zinamathele kwimithi, kwiipali, okanye kwezinye izakhiwo ezifihlakeleyo kwaye zicwangciswe ukuba zirekhodwe ngamaxesha athile okanye ngokuqhubekayo, kuxhomekeke kwinjongo yesampulu. Le ndlela ivelisa izandi eziyinyani, kunye nengoma yeentaka ezixutywe nezandi zomoya, izinambuzane, izilwanyana ezanyisayo, kunye nemisebenzi yabantu ekude.
Nje ukuba izixhobo ziqokelelwe, eyona nxalenye inzima iqala: mamela, chonga kwaye uqaphele amagama asetyenziswayoAmaqela eengcali ahlalutya iirekhodi zesandi aze aphawule eyesibini apho uhlobo ngalunye lucula khona, esongeza ilebheli ehambelanayo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, basebenzisa ii-spectrograms (ukubonakaliswa kwesandi okubonakalayo) ukuze bafumane kwaye bahlukanise iingoma kwiirekhodi ezixineneyo.
Lo msebenzi ucokisekileyo udala amawaka eerekhodi ezibhalwe ngokuchanekileyo kwexeshaIsichazi-magama ngasinye asibonisi nje kuphela ukuba loluphi uhlobo olukhalayo, kodwa sikwabonisa nokuba livela ngaliphi ixesha ekurekhodweni, nto leyo ibalulekileyo ekuqeqesheni ii-algorithms ezifunda ukuqonda iipateni zesandi ezintsonkothileyo.
Kwakhona, Idatha idityaniswe nolwazi oluhambelana nomxholo Olu shicilelo lukwabonelela ngolwazi malunga nendawo yokuhlala kunye nendawo yesandi, nto leyo evumela izazinzulu ukuba zidibanise isandi esithile kunye neentlobo ezithile ze-ecosystem okanye amanqanaba okuphazamiseka kwabantu. Le meko icebisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwesandi, njengoko ivumela abaphandi ukuba bafunde indlela amaqela eentaka atshintsha ngayo ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo ahlala kuyo.
ISpain kwimephu yesandi yehlabathi: iDoñana, i-El Hondo kunye nokunye
ISpain idlala indima ebalulekileyo kule projekthi, kungekuphela nje ngenxa yobunkokeli bayo kwezesayensi, kodwa nangenxa iintlobo ngeentlobo zeenkqubo zelizwe ezibandakanyiweyo kwi-WABADKwiSiqingatha saseIberia, kukhethwe aba balandelayo iindawo eziphawulekayo zokulondolozwa kweentaka, ezibonelela ngobutyebi obukhulu beengoma kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo.
Phakathi kweendawo ezihlala abantu baseSpain ezikwi-database kukho Ipaki yesizwe yaseDoana, enye yezona ndawo zimanzi zibalulekileyo eYurophu, kunye Indawo yase-El Hondo e-Alicante, enye indawo ebalulekileyo yeentaka zasemanzini neentaka ezifudukayo. Ikwabonakala USolsona (Lleida), kunye namahlathi ayo kunye nemizamo yoku ukuphinda kutshalwe amahlathi, Zarzalejo (eMadrid), iindawo ze Navarra, ummandla we Ilizwe Lamahlathi Epayini (iValladolid), eVillena y I-OntÃgola (eToledo), phakathi kwezinye iindawo zasemaphandleni nezamahlathi.
Kwimeko yesiqithi, idatha ibonisa ukuba Iintlobo zeentaka ezivame ukuviwa yi-chaffinch eqhelekileyo kunye ne-blackbird eqhelekileyoEzi ntaka zimbini zixhaphakile kwaye ziqhelekile kuye nabani na okhe wahamba epakini okanye ehlathini eSpain. Iingoma zazo ziphindaphindwa rhoqo kwiirekhodi, nto leyo ebabeka phakathi kwezona zingoma zibalaseleyo ezirekhodiweyo.
Ecaleni kwazo, kuphuma nezinye iintaka, ezifana ne i-common nightingale, i-corn bunting kunye ne-robinezikwaqokelela inani elikhulu leerekhodi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba phakathi kweentlobo ezingamashumi amabini ezineengoma ezininzi kukwavela Iintaka zaseHawaii ezifana ne-'apanane, i-'amakihi, kunye ne-'iwiOku kubonisa ubukhulu behlabathi lale projekthi, apho iintlobo zezilwanyana zaseYurophu, zaseMelika, zaseAsia nezePasifiki zihlala khona kwindawo enye yokugcina idatha.
Indima ye Uphando lwaseSpain kule mephu yesandi yeplanethi lubaluleke kakhuluUlungelelwaniso oluvela kwiYunivesithi yaseAlicante kunye ne-CTFC, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwamaqela ezizwe ezininzi, kubeka iSpain kwindawo efanelekileyo ngaphakathi kwe-bioacoustics esetyenzisiweyo, okubonisa ukuba iiprojekthi eziphambili kwihlabathi liphela nazo ziyakhuthazwa apha.
Ukusuka ekujongeni ngeebhayinotyhula ukuya ekuphulaphuleni ngee-algorithms
Kangangeminyaka emininzi, ukujongwa kweentaka phantse bekusoloko kusekelwe Ubalo lwabantu olubonwayo noluvakalayo olwenziwa ngabantuAmaqela eengcali zeentaka ayehamba kwiindlela ezimiselweyo, ephawula iintlobo ezibonwayo okanye eziviwayo, aze aphinde lo msebenzi unyaka nonyaka. Nangona le ndlela ivelise ulwazi oluxabisekileyo, inemida emininzi: ithatha ixesha, ifuna abasebenzi abakhethekileyo, kwaye kunzima ukuyifikelela kwiindawo ezinkulu okanye ixesha elide lokujonga.
Ukufika kwe I-bioacoustics ezenzekelayo itshintsha umdlaloEndaweni yokuthembela kuphela kubabukeli abangabantu, ngoku banokusetyenziswa izinzwa ezihlala "zimamela" okusingqongileyo kwaye uthumele idatha kwiinkqubo zekhompyutha. Kulapho i-WABAD ingena khona njengenqaku eliphambili: ibonelela ngezinto ezifunekayo kwii-algorithms ukuze zifunde ukuqaphela iintaka ngezandi zazo.
Ngenxa yamawaka eethegi zokuthetha, izazinzulu zedatha ziyakwazi uqeqesho lweemodeli zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa Ezi modeli ziyakwazi ukwahlula iipateni zesandi, ukuchonga iintlobo ngeentlobo kwiirekhodi ezinengxolo, kunye nokulinganisa ubukho bazo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Azigcini nje ngokuthi "intaka emnyama iyacula apha," kodwa zikwasivumela ukuba silinganise ukuba olo hlobo luvela kangaphi kwindawo ethile okanye indlela umsebenzi walo otshintsha ngayo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo onyaka.
Enyanisweni, olu tshintsho lobuchwephesha luthetha ukuba iinkqubo ze-ecosystem zingakwazi ukuba ibekwe esweni rhoqo, ngokuchanekileyo nangokunoqoqoshoIseti yezixhobo zokuvavanya ezisasazwa kuyo yonke ipaki yendalo zinokuvelisa uhlobo lwe-"real-time sound x-ray", ebonisa ukuba zeziphi iintlobo ezikhoyo, eziya zincipha, ezibonakala ngequbuliso okanye ezibuyayo emva kokulungiswa kwendalo.
Ngaphezu koko, le ndlela esekelwe kwi-algorithm inenye inzuzo ebalulekileyo: Iyanciphisa isidingo sokubakho kwabantu rhoqo entsiminiNjengoko uEsther Sebastián-González ngokwakhe echaza, iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo zithintela umntu ekubeni achithe iiyure ezininzi ebaleni iintaka, kuba le algorithm ichonga iintlobo zeentaka kwaye yenza kube lula ukwazi ukuba zingaphi ezahlukeneyo ezifunyenweyo kwindawo ethile nangexesha elithile.
Iintaka njengezibonakaliso zebhayoloji: oko iingoma zazo zisixelela kona
Iintaka bezisoloko zithathwa njengezona zibalulekileyo izalathisi zebhayoloji ezibalaseleyo zemeko ye-ecosystemsUbukho bazo, ubuninzi bazo, okanye ukunyamalala kwazo kunokubonakalisa utshintsho kwisakhiwo seendawo zokuhlala, umgangatho womoya, ukufumaneka kokutya, ungcoliseko lwengxolo, kwanemiphumo yotshintsho lwemozulu.
Ukumamela iingoma zabo, ngandlela thile, kufana Mamela impilo yokusingqongileyoXa isandi sityebiswe ziintlobo ngeentlobo zeentlobo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zesandi, kudla ngokuba luphawu lwenkqubo yendalo esebenzayo negcinwe kakuhle. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa imeko-bume ihlwempuzekile kwaye iirekhodi zincitshiswa zibe ziindidi ezimbalwa eziqhelekileyo okanye ezo zinyamezela kakhulu ukuphazamiseka, kukho into engalunganga.
Amandla okuba Thelekisa izandi ngaphambi nasemva komdlalo ongqongileyo Le yenye yezona zicelo zinomdla kakhulu zale bhanki yesandi. Umzekelo, emva kokulungiswa kwendalo kwindawo emanzi eyonakeleyo okanye ehlathini elitshisiweyo, ukuhlalutya indlela utshintsho lweengoma zeentaka olunokunika ngayo imiqondiso yokuqala malunga nokubuyiselwa kwenkqubo, kudala ngaphambi kokuba utshintsho lubonakale emehlweni.
Le ndlela inamandla amakhulu okuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo kunye neeprojekthi zolondolozoUlawulo lukarhulumente, abaphathi beepaki zesizwe okanye abo banoxanduva lweendawo ezikhuselweyo banokuthembela kulwazi lwe-acoustic ukuze benze izigqibo ezinolwazi oluthe kratya, babeke phambili amanyathelo okanye babone iingxaki ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
Ukongeza kuyo yonke le nto, Ukubeka iliso kwi-acoustic yindlela engenabungoziAkukho mfuneko yokubamba okanye ukuphatha izilwanyana, indlela eziziphatha ngayo ayitshintshi kakhulu, kwaye iindawo ezinkulu zinokugutyungelwa ngaphandle kwempembelelo ingako kwizilwanyana zasendle. Ngexesha apho ukulahleka kwezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo kukhawulezisa, ukuba nezixhobo zokubeka esweni ezingafaki uxinzelelo olungakumbi kwiinkqubo zendalo kubaluleke kakhulu.
Lilonke, ibhanki yesandi seentaka yehlabathi iyazimisela njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo Oku kuxabiseke kakhulu kuluntu lwezenzululwazi nakwabo balawula umhlaba. Kusivumela ukuba sifunde ngeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngokusebenzisa isandi, siphucule iinkqubo zokuchongwa ngokuzenzekelayo, kwaye sizise uluntu kufutshane nengcamango enamandla: yokuba iplanethi inokukhuselwa ngokumamela indlela ecula ngayo, indlela ethule ngayo, kunye nendlela i-symphony yayo yamazwi etshintsha ngayo xa iphendula kwizenzo zethu.
