Ifosili yeefuweli Zingowona mthombo wamandla kwihlabathi liphela kwaye zibandakanya iseti yeentsalela zezinto eziphilayo ezithe, emva kokuba ziphantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu kunye namaqondo obushushu kuqweqwe loMhlaba kangangamakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka, ziye zavelisa iihydrocarbons ezithwele amandla. Ukwenziwa kwala mafutha kubangelwa yinkqubo yendalo yokubola kwe-anaerobic ye-organic matter. Ezi ntsalela zangcwatywa zizinto zendalo kwaye, kanye xa ziphantsi komhlaba, ekuhambeni kwexesha, zatshintshwa zibe yi-hydrocarbons enomxholo ophezulu wamandla.
Eli nqaku liza kuchaza ngokweenkcukacha iimpawu, izicelo, imvelaphi kunye nemiphumo emibi ye-fuel fuels.
Amafutha asefossil njengomthombo wamandla
Uluntu lwale mihla luxhomekeke kakhulu kumafutha efosili kwimisebenzi yalo yemihla ngemihla. Ezi zibonelela ngamandla asetyenziswa ngabantu ukufudumeza, ukuthutha nombane, phakathi kwezinye. Uphuhliso lwemizi-mveliso noqoqosho zoluntu lwethu kule nkulungwane zimbini zidlulileyo inxibelelene ngokuthe ngqo nokusetyenziswa kwamandla efosili, ngakumbi ukusukela kwiRevolution Revolution. Amandla avela kumafutha efosili avela ekuboleni kwezinto eziphilayo, zombini imvelaphi yezityalo nezilwanyana, ezazivaleleke kumaleko anzulu ngenxa yeziganeko zendalo, kwaye zatshintshwa luxinzelelo kunye nobushushu zibe ziihydrocarbons ezinamandla amakhulu.
Zikhona ezinye iindlela ezinokuthi zihlaziyeke, kodwa kude kube ngoku, ukongamela kwamandla angahlaziyekiyo, anjenge-oyile, amalahle kunye negesi yendalo, ahlala esisiseko kwi-matrix yamandla ehlabathi.
Iindidi zezibaso
Amafutha efosili ahlelwa ngokweendidi ezininzi:
- Ikhabhoni yamaminerali: Eli lelinye lawona mafutha efosili amadala kwaye asetyenziswa kakhulu, ngakumbi ekuveliseni umbane. Amalahle, ilitye elimnyama elityebile kwikhabhoni, litsalwa emigodini ukuze lilungiswe kwaye lisetyenziswe kumashishini ahlukeneyo.
- Ioli: I-oyile ngumxube wolwelo lwehydrocarbons olutsalwa kwiidipozithi ezinzulu kuMhlaba okanye ngaphantsi kolwandle. Isulungekisiwe ukuvelisa i-petroli, i-diesel kunye nezinye iimveliso zepetrochemical ezifana neeplastiki, nto leyo eyenza ibe yenye yezona zinto zisebenza kakhulu.
- Irhasi yendalo: Idityaniswe kakhulu yimethane, igesi yendalo icocekile kunamanye amafutha efosili, nto leyo eyenza ibe yeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo kutshintsho lwamandla. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yombane kunye nokufudumeza ikhaya.
- Iisanti zetar kunye neoli yeoli: Ziidiphozithi zeoli ezingaqhelekanga ezenziwe ngodongwe, intlenga kunye nebhitumene. Ziyatsalwa kwaye zicutshungulwe ukuze zifumane i-oyile ekrwada yokwenziwa kunye nezinye iindlela zamandla.
Ukwenziwa kweoyile
I-oyile, enye yezona mithombo zibalulekileyo zamandla, yenziwa kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ezincinci ezazihlala kwiilwandle namachibi amandulo.
Kangangezigidi zeminyaka, ezi ntsholongwane bezigqunyelelwe ngamaleko entlenga. Ngaphantsi kweemeko zoxinzelelo kunye nobushushu, kubunzulu obukhulu, i-organic matter yaguqulwa yaba yi-hydrocarbons. Kule nkqubo, iibhaktheriya zingenelela ezisebenzisa ioksijini kwaye zivelise iikhompawundi eziguquguqukayo. Njengoko intlenga isiba nzulu, inguqu ivelisa i-hydrocarbon efudukela "kwilitye logcino" kunye ne-porosity enkulu, eququzelela ukutsalwa kwayo kwezorhwebo. Le nkqubo ithatha izigidi zeminyaka kwaye, nangona i-oyile isenziwa ngokuqhubekayo, ikwenza oko ngesantya esicothayo kunokusebenzisa kwayo, nto leyo eyenza ibe sisixhobo esinesiphelo nesingenakuhlaziywa.
Izinto eziluncedo nezingalunganga
Amafutha efosili anenzuzo ebalulekileyo kunye nokungalunganga:
Inzuzo:
- Intabalala: Ngaphandle kweengxoxo malunga nokuphela kwazo, kusekho oovimba abakhulu bamafutha efosili, anokubonelela ngemfuno yamandla amashumi eminyaka angaphezulu.
- Ukuxinana kwamandla aphezulu: Amafutha efosili aqulathe isixa esikhulu samandla kumthamo omncinci, okwenza uthutho nokugcinwa kwawo okusebenzayo kwenzeke.
- Iindleko eziphantsi: Xa kuthelekiswa neminye imithombo yamandla, amafutha efosili abonelela ngamandla ngexabiso elifikelelekayo, ngakumbi ngenxa yeziseko ezingundoqo esele ziphuhlisiwe ukuze zifunwe kwaye zisetyenzwe.
Ukungalungi kokusingqongileyo:
- Ukukhutshwa kweegesi zegreenhouse: Uninzi olukhutshwayo lweCO2 luvela ekutshisweni kwamafutha efosili, anegalelo elikhulu kubushushu behlabathi.
- Ungcoliseko lomoya namanzi: Ukutsalwa, ukuthuthwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamafutha efosili kuthwala iingozi zokusingqongileyo. Ukuchitheka kweoyile kunye nokukhutshwa kwerhasi engcolisayo kuchaphazela i-ecosystem kunye nempilo yabantu.
Iziphumo zempilo
Esinye seziphumo eziphambili zokusetyenziswa kwamafutha efosili ziziphumo abanazo kwimpilo yabantu. Ungcoliseko lomoya, ingakumbi kwimimandla yasezidolophini, lunxulunyaniswa nezifo zokuphefumla kunye nentliziyo. Awona macandelo asemngciphekweni wabemi, abafana nabantwana, abantu abadala kunye nabasetyhini abakhulelweyo, ngabona bachaphazelekayo.
Ukongeza kwiingxaki zokuphefumla ezifana ne-asthma, ukuvezwa kwexesha elide kwizinto ezingcolisayo ezivela ekutshisweni kwamafutha e-fossil kuye kwadibaniswa nomngcipheko wokwanda komhlaza kunye nezinye izifo ezingapheliyo.
Ngokukhula kokugxila kwehlabathi kumandla acocekileyo, anje ngelanga nomoya, kubalulekile ukuba bobabini oorhulumente kunye neenkampani zikhawulezise utshintsho olusingise kwimodeli yamandla ezinzileyo nengamelani nokusingqongileyo.
ENKOSI NGOMXHOLO WAKHO KWIMEKO ESINGQONGILEYO Ucaciswe kakuhle