IiAerosols Ngamasuntswana amancinci ahlala enqunyanyisiwe kwiatmosfera yomhlaba kwaye anokuba nefuthe elinamandla kuzo zombini kutshintsha kwe mozulu njengakwi umgangatho womoya. Zinokuvela kwimithombo yendalo efana nogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo okanye uthuli lwasentlango, kunye nemisebenzi yabantu efana nokutshiswa kwamafutha efosili.
Ziziphi ii-aerosols kwaye kutheni zibalulekile?
Xa sithetha nge-aerosols, abantu abaninzi bacinga ngeemveliso zasekhaya kwiibhotile ezixinzelelekileyo, kodwa kwi-climatology, i-aerosols igubungela uluhlu olubanzi lwee-particles, ukusuka kwi-dust minerals yendalo ukuya kwii-compounds ezibangelwa ngumsebenzi woshishino. Ii-aerosols zemvelaphi ye-anthropogenic zinempembelelo enkulu kwimozulu ngenxa yokukwazi ukubonakalisa okanye ukufunxa imitha yelanga kunye nokuchaphazela ukubunjwa kwamafu.
La masuntswana anobukhulu obahlukeneyo kunye neempawu. Umzekelo, i izitshizi zesulfate eveliswa kukutshiswa kwamafutha efosili okanye i-biomass ikholisa ukusasaza imitha yelanga, ebangela isiphumo sokupholisa. La masuntswana asebenza njengezipili ezincinci ezijikisa ukukhanya kwelanga okufika eMhlabeni. Kwelinye icala, aerosols ezifana ilahle elimnyama, ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-soot, ifunxa imitha yelanga, ebangela ukwanda kwamaqondo obushushu asekuhlaleni.
Imvelaphi kunye neentlobo ze-aerosols
Ii-aerosols zineemvelaphi ezimbini eziphambili:
- Ii-aerosols zemvelaphi yendalo: Zivela kwiinkqubo zendalo ezifana nogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo, izaqhwithi zesanti okanye ityuwa ephuma elwandle ithuthwa yimimoya. Ezi aerosols zinkulu ngobukhulu kwaye zinobomi obufutshane kwi-atmosfera.
- Iiaerosols zeAnthropogenic: Imvelaphi yawo yimisebenzi yabantu, njengokutshiswa kwamafutha efosili. Ezi aerosols ziquka i-sulfates, i-nitrate, kunye nekhabhoni emnyama, phakathi kwezinye. Zihlala zincinci ngobukhulu kunee-aerosol zendalo, kwaye ngenxa yokuba zihlala kwi-atmospheri ixesha elide, impembelelo yazo ide kwaye ibanzi.
Ukongeza, kuqhelekile ukufumana i-aerosols edibeneyo edibanisa le mithombo mibini. Ngokomzekelo, kwiindawo zasezidolophini, iincinci ezivela kwimizi-mveliso zinokuxuba kunye nothuli lwendalo olumisiweyo.
Impembelelo ye-aerosols kwimozulu: Indima enzima
Ii-aerosols zidlala indima ephambili kwinkqubo yemozulu yesijikelezi-langa ngenxa yokukwazi ukuchaphazela ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwamandla afika eLangeni nalawo abuyela emajukujukwini. Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zokuphembelela i-aerosols kule nkqubo:
- Isiphumo esithe ngqo: Ezinye ii-aerosols, ezifana ne-sulfate aerosols, ziyakwazi ukubuyisela ukukhanya kwelanga emajukujukwini, zinciphisa ubungakanani bemitha yemitha efikelela emhlabeni. Lo mcimbi ubangela a isiphumo sokupholisa malunga nemozulu.
- Isiphumo esingathanga ngqo: Ii-aerosols zikwaphembelela ukwakheka kunye nokuvela kwamafu. Zisebenza njenge-condensation nuclei yomphunga wamanzi, evumela amathontsi elifu ukuba enze. Okukhona kukho ii-aerosols ezingakumbi kummandla, kokukhona lilikhulu inani lamathontsi emafini, kodwa la mathontsi aya kuba mancinci, anokonyusa ukubonakala kwamafu kwaye andise ubomi bawo, avelise ukupholisa okongezelelekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke ii-aerosols ezipholisa iplanethi. Ii-aerosols ezifana ikhabhoni emnyama, eveliswa kukutsha okungaphelelanga kwamafutha efosili kunye ne-biomass, ifunxa ukukhanya kwelanga kunye nokufudumala i-atmosphere. Oku kwenza i isiphumo jikelele i-aerosols ekutshintsheni kwemozulu inzima kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, ide iphikisana.
Impembelelo ye-aerosols ekubunjweni kwamafu
Inkalo ephambili yee-aerosols yimpembelelo yazo ekwakhekeni kwamafu, nto leyo echaphazela imvula kunye nemozulu yendawo. Amafu enziwe kubukho bamanqanaba aphezulu amasuntswana angaqaqamba kwaye abonakalise ngakumbi, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ukukhanya okuncinci kwelanga kufikelela kumphezulu woMhlaba.
Nangona kunjalo, xa kukho i-aerosols engaphezulu kwi-atmosfera, inkqubo yokwakheka kwamafu inokuphazamiseka. Izifundo zeNASA zakutsha nje zibonise ukuba umsi kunye nothuli lwe-aerosols Ziyakwazi ukufunxa imitha, zifudumeza umoya ojikelezileyo. Oku kuchasene nokunyuka komoya okuya phezulu kwaye kuthintele amafu ekuphuhliseni ngokupheleleyo, oko kukuthi, awawuvumeli umphunga wamanzi ukuba ujiye ube ngamathontsi amakhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba abe yimvula. Ke ngoko, ii-aerosols ezigqithisileyo zinokunciphisa ukuphindaphindeka kwemvula, ezinokuthi zitshintshe iipatheni zemozulu yendawo.
Ii-aerosols kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu: ukugubungela ukufudumala kwehlabathi
Enye yezona mpawu zibalulekileyo ze-aerosols kumxholo wokutshintsha kwemozulu kukuba zisebenza njengendlela yokuba iimaski inxalenye yokufudumala kwehlabathi ezibangelwa ziigesi zegreenhouse. Ngokwezifundo ezenziwe yi-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), ii-aerosols ziye zanciphisa malunga nesithathu sokufudumala okubangelwa ukunyuka kwekhabhon diokside kunye ne-methane ukususela kwi-Industrial Revolution.
Nangona kunjalo, le mpembelelo yembuyekezo inika ingxaki. Njengoko amazwe ephumeza imigaqo-nkqubo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-aerosol ngenxa yeziphumo ezinobungozi empilweni, isiphumo sokupholisa se-aerosols kulindeleke ukuba sehle, esinokuthi ukukhawulezisa ukufudumala kwehlabathi. Le nto sele iqalile ukubonwa kwiindawo zoshishino zase-Asia naseYurophu, apho ukuphuculwa komgangatho womoya kuye kwabangela ukunyuka kwamaqondo okushisa engingqi.
Iindleko kwimpilo yoluntu kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yemozulu
Nangona ii-aerosols zinempembelelo yokupholisa, akufanele zithathwe njengesisombululo sokutshintsha kwemozulu ngenxa yazo iziphumo ezibi kwimpilo yoluntu. Ii-aerosols, ngakumbi ezo ziphuma ekutshisweni kwamafutha efosili kunye ne-biomass, zinxulunyaniswa nezifo zokuphefumla kunye nentliziyo kwaye zinegalelo kwizigidi zabantu abafayo nyaka ngamnye. Ngokutsho koMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO), ungcoliseko lomoya lubangela ukufa kwabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezisi-7 ngonyaka.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, imigaqo-nkqubo yemozulu yezizwe ngezizwe ifuna ukulungelelanisa ukuphuculwa komgangatho womoya kunye nesidingo sokulawula ukufudumala kwehlabathi. Ubuchwephesha obutsha, obufana nokubanjwa kwekhabhoni, buyaphandwa ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse ngaphandle kokunyusa ukukhutshwa kwe-aerosol.
Ukuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe kunye nokwenziwa kwezigqibo ezinolwazi kuya kuba ngundoqo kwiminyaka ezayo ukugcina ukulingana phakathi kokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu kunye nokuphucula impilo yoluntu.
Alithandabuzeki elokuba ii<em>aerosol yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenzululwazi yemozulu yaye impembelelo yazo ekufudumaleni komhlaba—enoba kukupholisa okanye ukufudumala isijikelezi-langa—ayinakuphikiswa. Uphando lwexesha elizayo luya kubaluleka ukuqonda ngcono iziphumo zalo kunye nendlela esinokuyilawula ngayo impembelelo yalo kwiplanethi yethu.