Fumana iipropathi ezinomtsalane kunye nokusetyenziswa kwebismuth

I-Bismuth ithathwa njengenye yezona zinyithi ezinomdla kunye neempawu ezizodwa. Ifumaneka kwiqela le-15 letheyibhile yeperiodic, isimboli sayo sekhemikhali ngu-Bi kunye nenombolo ye-athomu yayo ngama-83. Ngobunzima be-athomu ye-208.9804, i-bismuth yaziwa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo kwaye ivelele ngokusetyenziswa kwayo okumangalisayo kunye neempawu. Igama layo livela kwigama lesiJamani elithi "bisemutum", elithetha "umcimbi omhlophe" ngenxa yokubonakala kwayo. Kulo lonke eli nqaku, siza kuphonononga ngokweenkcukacha imbali yayo, imvelaphi, iipropathi, ukusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso, usetyenziso lwetekhnoloji, ukufaneleka kwayo ngokomoya, kunye nendlela eliziphembelele ngayo iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa nezo zangaphambi kweColumbian America.

Imbali ethile

IBismuth yenza i-0,00002% yoqweqwe lomhlaba, iyenza ibe yintsimbi enqabileyo. Kunokwenzeka ukuyifumana kwifom yentsimbi ecocekileyo, nangona ifana nesilivere. Indawo yayo yokunyibilika yi 271ºC, inoxinano lwe 9800 kg/m³ kwaye indawo yokubila kwayo ifikelela ku 1560ºC. Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, le elementi ibibhidaniswa nezinye iintsimbi ezifana nelothe kunye netoti ngenxa yeempawu zazo ekwabelwana ngazo. Nangona kunjalo, iikhemisti kwimbali yonke ziye zanikela iinzame ezinkulu zokuzahlula.

UGeorgius Agricola, ngowe-1546, waba ngomnye wabokuqala ukuyichaza ngokucacileyo ibhismuth njengesinyithi esikhethekileyo, eyibeka phakathi kweentsimbi ezinetoti nelothe. Le nyaniso yayibalulekile ekuqaphelisweni kwayo kwi-chemistry yanamhlanje. UAgricola wayichaza kwincwadi yakhe edumileyo De Re Metallica, apho wahlalutya indlela eyayitsalwa ngayo ize isetyenziswe ngabembi bexesha lakhe.

Kamva, ngowe-1738, uCarl Wilhelm Scheele, uJohann Heinrich Pott, noTorbern Olof Bergman baqinisekisa umahluko phakathi kwelothe nebismuth. Ekugqibeleni, ngowe-1753, uClaude François Geoffrey wabonisa ukuba i<em>bismuth iyahluka kungekuphela nje kwilothe, kodwa nakwitoti. Umahluko kaGeoffrey wawubalulekile ekwamkelweni kwe-bismuth njengeyona nto ikhethekileyo kwitheyibhile yeperiodic, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwanda ngokukhawuleza kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo.

Okubangela umdla kukuba, ibismuth yayisetyenziswa ziinkcubeko zangaphambi kweColumbian. Ngokomzekelo, amaInca axuba le ntsimbi nobhedu nenkcenkce ukuze enze ingxubevange yobhedu awayeyisebenzisa kwizixhobo ezifana neemela. Obu bubungqina bokuqala bokusetyenziswa kwe-bismuth kwi-alloys yensimbi.

iimpawu zebismuth

I-Bismuth sisinyithi esinenani elikhulu leempawu zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali ezenza ukuba zikhetheke kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Okulandelayo, siza kuchaza ngokweenkcukacha iimpawu eziphambili ezichaza le nto kunye nezicelo zayo.

1. Iimpawu ezibonakalayo:

• Inkangeleko: I-Bismuth iyakwazi ukwahlula ngombala wayo ongwevu-mhlophe, othi ube mnyama xa i-oxidized ngenxa yokwakheka kocwecwe olucekethekileyo lweoxide kumphezulu wayo. Lo maleko udala uluhlu lwemibala eyahlukileyo phakathi kwepinki, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, eluhlaza kunye negolide.
• Ukuqina kunye nobuthathaka: I-Bismuth yintsimbi eqinile, enqabileyo, oku kuthetha ukuba ayinakunyanyiswa kwaye iphuka ngokulula phantsi koxinzelelo, ngokungafaniyo nezinye iintsimbi ezixubileyo ezifana nobhedu okanye isinyithi.
• Ukwandiswa phezu kokuqina: Uphawu oluphawulekayo lwebismuth kukuba iyanda xa iqina, ngokungafaniyo neentsimbi ezininzi ezishwabeneyo xa zipholile ukusuka kwimeko yazo yokunyibilika. Le nto, ekwabelwana ngayo kuphela ngezinto ezimbalwa ezifana namanzi kunye ne-antimony, iyenza ibe yimathiriyeli egqwesileyo kwi-Foundry applications.
• I-thermal conductivity ephantsi: Yi-conductor engalunganga yobushushu, iyenza ilungele usetyenziso oluthile lwefektri njengesithinteli sobushushu.
• Indawo yokunyibilika esezantsi: I-Bismuth inomlinganiselo ophantsi wokunyibilika, oququzelela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwii-alloys ezincibilikayo eziphantsi, kubandakanywa nezo zisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokubona umlilo kunye ne-welding ekhethekileyo.

2. Iimpawu zemichiza:

• Ukuxhathisa kwi-oxidation: Nangona i-oxidize kancinane xa ibonakaliswe kumswakama, i-bismuth iyancipha emoyeni owomileyo kwiqondo lokushisa. Xa ishushu ngaphezu kwendawo yayo yokunyibilika, ngokukhawuleza yenza umaleko we-oxide kumphezulu wayo.
• Ukudibanisa nezinye izinto: I-Bismuth ibopha ngokulula kunye ne-halogens, isulfure, i-tellurium kunye ne-selenium, kodwa kungekhona nge-phosphorus kunye ne-nitrogen. Oku kuvumela uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo kwishishini lemichiza.
• Iikhompawundi ezintathu: Uninzi lweekhompawundi ze-bismuth zi-trivalent. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iikhompawundi zayo zinokuba yi-monovalent okanye i-pentavalent, eyongeza ukuguquguquka ekusebenziseni kwabo ukudibanisa imichiza enzima. I-Bismuth pentafluoride, umzekelo, iyikhompawundi ebalulekileyo kwi-organic fluorination chemistry.

Ukuziphatha kwe-bismuth kukwavuse umdla njengenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ze-diamagnetic, ukugxotha amandla kazibuthe ngempumelelo ngakumbi kunazo zonke ezinye iintsimbi. Le propati ivule umnyango wophando lwexesha elizayo kunye nezicelo zobuchwepheshe.

Iimpawu zebismuth kwizinto zomoya

I-Bismuth ayinayo impawu ezibalulekileyo zomzimba kuphela, kodwa iimpawu zomoya eziphawulekayo nazo zibalelwa kuyo, ngakumbi ekuphiliseni amandla kunye nokucamngca. Amatye e-bismuth yendalo okanye eyokwenziwa axabiswa kakhulu kunyango lwamandla. Ezinye zeempawu eziphambili ezibalelwa kuyo zezi:

• Ukusebenza kwamandla eKundalini: I-Bismuth kuthiwa ivuselela amandla e-Kundalini, ahamba nge-chakras yomqolo. Le nkqubo inceda ukuvuselela oko izithethe ezininzi zomoya zichaza "ngamandla okuqonda."
• Ukomeleza unxibelelwano lomoya: Ukubeka ilitye le-bismuth kwisithsaba se-chakra kunokunceda, ngokweenkolelo ezahlukeneyo, ukuqinisa uxhulumaniso nengqondo yendalo yonke, ukukhuthaza isigwebo esingcono, umbono kunye nolwazi oluphezulu.
• Ukuphilisa kunye nokulinganisela: I-Bismuth ikwathathwa njengelitye eliphilisa kakhulu. Kukholelwa ukuba ukunceda abantu baziqhelanise xa beziva benqanyuliwe kubo okanye kwabanye, okanye xa besiva isithukuthezi kunye nokwahlukana.
• Ukutsala iintshukumo ezikhuthazayo: Enye ipropathi ebalelwa kuyo kukukwazi ukutsala amandla amahle kunye nokungcangcazela, ngakumbi kwindawo yemali. Kukwakholelwa ukuba izisa amathamsanqa ngamathuba kunye nokubheja.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-bismuth

I-Bismuth inezicelo ezahlukeneyo enkosi kwiipropathi zayo. Ezinye zezona zinto zisetyenziswayo ngoku zebismuth ziquka:

• Umzi mveliso wamachiza: I-Bismuth iyona nxalenye ephambili ekuveliseni amayeza e-antidiarrheal afana ne-bismuth subsalicylate, eyaziwa ngokuba yinto esebenzayo kwiimveliso ezifana ne-Pepto-Bismol®. Ukongeza, isetyenziswa kunyango losulelo lwamehlo kunye nebhaktiriya, ukungezwani komzimba, i-flatulence, i-syphilis kunye nezinye izifo.
• Ishishini lesinyithi: IBismuth isetyenziswa kakhulu ukuvelisa iindawo ezinyibilikayo ezisezantsi. Ezi alloys ziluncedo kwizicelo zokhuseleko, ezifana nezixhobo zokucinezela kwii-detectors zomlilo, ekubeni zinyibilika kumaqondo aphantsi.
• Inkokeli ebambeleyo: Ngenxa yobutyhefu belothe, i-bismuth iye yavela njengento engeyotyhefu ebambela indawo kwimizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa iimbumbulu, iiprojectiles zebhola, kunye neebhola zenqanawa.
• Ukhuseleko kwimitha: Ngenxa yobuninzi bayo kunye nobunzima be-athomu, isetyenziswe njengengubo ekhuselayo kwi-X-ray kwiinkqubo zonyango ezifana ne-CT scans.
• Iimagnethi ezisisigxina: I-alloy ye-bismuth kunye ne-manganese ivelisa into eyaziwa njenge-bismanol, esetyenziswa ekwenzeni imagnethi yamandla aphezulu asisigxina.
• izinto zokuthambisa: I-Bismuth oxychloride isetyenziswa ekwenzeni iimveliso zokuthambisa ezifana nezithunzi zamehlo, izitshizi zeenwele kunye neepolishi zenzipho ngenxa yobuchule bayo bokubonelela ngokuqaqamba kwe-iridescent kunye nezinga layo eliphantsi letyhefu.

Imvelaphi kunye nokwakheka

I-Bismuth inokufumaneka kwindalo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, nangona ingeyona nto ininzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka kwiidiphozithi eziphezulu ze-hydrothermal kunye ne-pegmatites. Iyenzeka kakhulu kwimo yegranular okanye i-scaly, kodwa ikho nakwimicu okanye njengenaliti.

Okwangoku, ilizwe elinemveliso enkulu yebismuth yiChina, enegalelo malunga neetoni ezingama-7.200 zeemetric ngonyaka. Abanye abavelisi abakhulu baquka iMexico, enegalelo elimalunga neetoni ezingama-825 zeemetric ngonyaka, kunye neRussia, ngeetoni zemetric ezingama-40. Nangona inobukho obulinganiselweyo obulinganiselweyo, kuyaphawuleka ukuba oovimba abaphambili be-bismuth bafumaneka eMzantsi Melika, eyona nto ibalulekileyo ye-geopolitical kuqoqosho lokuthumela ngaphandle kulo mmandla.

Amanye amazwe avelisa ibhismuth aquka iJamani, iUnited States, iSpain, iUnited Kingdom kunye neAustralia.

Ekugqibeleni, i-bismuth yintsimbi enembali enika umdla kunye nekamva elithembisayo. Isetyenziswe kangangeenkulungwane, iyinto ephambili kwizicelo zale mihla nakuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji entsha kunye nonyango. Ukukwazi ukudibanisa iipropathi zomzimba ezingaqhelekanga kunye netyhefu ephantsi kwenza enye yezona zinyithi zinomdla wokufunda kunye nokusetyenziswa kumashishini ahlukeneyo.