La ukuxhaphaza ioyile eNigeria Ibangele umonakalo ongakumbi kwindalo esingqongileyo neengxaki zentlalo kunokuba ibe negalelo kubutyebi nophuhliso lwelizwe. Le nyaniso ibhalwe kuphando kunye neengxelo ezingenakubalwa, kubandakanywa nezigqibo ze Inkqubo yeNdawo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (UNEP) kungcoliseko lwe-oyile kwingingqi ye IOgoniland, kumazantsi eNigeria.
Umxholo wokusetyenziswa kweoli eNigeria
Uphuhliso lweoyile kwimizi-mveliso eNigeria lwaqala phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20, xa kwafunyanwa oovimba abakhulu be-oyile kwi-Niger Delta, ummandla otyebileyo ngeentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo nehlala abantu abaninzi abaxhomekeke ekulobeni nasekulimeni. Ngokukodwa, indima yeenkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana Shell, I-Chevron, i-Eni, phakathi kwabanye, iye yagqiba ekuxhatshazweni kwezibonelelo zale ndawo.
Ngo-1956, uShell wafumanisa indawo yokuqala enkulu e-Oloibiri kwaye i-oyile iye yalawula uqoqosho lwaseNigeria ukusukela ngoko. Nangona kunjalo, ubutyebi obufunyenweyo abuzange buncede abantu basekuhlaleni ngokulinganayo.
Iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo: ilifa longcoliseko
I-Niger Delta yenye yezona ndawo zingcoliseke kakhulu kwihlabathi ngenxa yokuqhubeka kokusetyenziswa kwe-oyile. Amashumi ezigidi zeetoni zeoli kuye kwanikelwa ingxelo yokuba iye yachithekela emanzini, emhlabeni nakwizityalo, nto leyo etshabalalisa imekobume yendalo yalo mmandla. Yena UNEP yanika ingxelo yokuba ukubuyiswa kwe-ecosystem e-Ogoniland kungathatha phakathi kwe-20 kunye ne-30 iminyaka kunye nezigidi zotyalo-mali.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ubungakanani bongcoliseko. Imeko yokuchitheka kweoli yaseNigeria ithelekiswa nezinye zezona ntlekele zendalo zitshabalalisayo ehlabathini, njengentlekele yase-Exxon Valdez yaseAlaska, ngowe-1989. Kwiminyaka engama-50 edluleyo, izigidi zemiphanda yeoli ziye zatshabalalisa imimandla emikhulu yezityalo, ungcoliso. lemilambo eneoli ekrwada nokonakala kwezinto eziphila elwandle.
Omnye weyona mithombo yongcoliseko kukugqabhuka kwerhasi eyayanyaniswa nokutsalwa kweoli. Oku akukhuphi nje izixa ezikhulu zeegesi ze-greenhouse, kodwa kubangele iingxaki ezinzulu zempilo kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni ngenxa yokuvezwa rhoqo kwizinto ezingcolisa umoya.
Ukongeza kokuchitheka, ukuguga kunye nokugcinwa kakubi kweziseko ze-oyile nazo zibe negalelo kumonakalo wokusingqongileyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, imibhobho emdaka iye yachitha ii-hydrocarbons emhlabeni, echaphazela izityalo kunye namanzi okusela. Abantu basekuhlaleni, abaxhomekeke kwezolimo nasekulobeni ukuze baziphilise, baye bayibona ichaphazeleka kanobom ubomi babo.
Iziphumo zentlalo: abantu abangahoywanga
Impembelelo yoshishino lweoyile eNigeria ayiphelelanga nje kokusingqongileyo. I iziphumo zentlalo Ukusetyenziswa kweoyile kutshabalalisa ngokulinganayo. Kangangeminyaka emininzi, uninzi loluntu lwaseNiger Delta kuye kwafuneka lunyamezele ukutshatyalaliswa kweendlela zabo zokuziphilisa, ukugxothwa ngenkani, ukwenziwa lulwaphulo-mthetho koqhanqalazo kwaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, ubundlobongela baseburhulumenteni.
UShell kunye nezinye iinkampani zityholwa ngokuba nenxaxheba ekunyhashweni kwamalungelo abantu kulo mmandla. Ngokutsho amatshantliziyo kunye nemibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente ezifana Amnesty International, ukuqhankqalaza okunokuthula kwabantu base-Ogoni kunye ne-Ijaw, abenza uninzi lwabantu abakulo mmandla, banyanzeliswa ngobundlobongela ngurhulumente waseNigeria, ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngenkxaso yoncedo kwiinkampani zeoli.
Ken Saro-Wiwa, itshantliziyo elaziwayo laseNigeria kunye nenkokeli ye Intshukumo yokuSinda kwabantu baseOgoni (MOSOP), wabulawa ngo-1995 kunye namanye amatshantliziyo asibhozo emva kwetyala elagxekwa kumazwe ngamazwe ngokutyekela kwalo. Ukufa kwakhe kuqaqambise ingcinezelo enzulu abantu basekuhlaleni abajongene nayo ukuze bakhusele imihlaba yabo kwaye bafune ubulungisa bemekobume.
Abanye abantu baye bagxothwa ngenxa yongcoliseko lwamanzi nemihlaba engasakulungelanga ukulima okanye ukuloba. Abanye, ngakumbi abantwana, baye bahlakulela izifo ezinzulu ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwexesha elide kwiikhemikhali ezinobuthi, njengoko kuboniswe kwizifundo zamva nje zokunyuka kwezifo zokuphefumula kunye nezinye iingxaki zempilo kummandla.
Ukunqongophala kokufikelela kumanzi okusela
Omnye weyona miba ibalulekileyo yongcoliseko kummandla kukungcoliseka kwe amanzi omhlaba ngeehydrocarbons, ezishiye uluntu lwasekuhlaleni olungaphezulu kwe-10 bengenawo amanzi okusela. Ingxelo ye UNEP ichonge amanqanaba aphezulu e-benzene, eyona nto ibangela umhlaza, emanzini asetyenziswa mihla le luluntu, ibeka esichengeni ubomi babemi bakhona.
Kwezinye iindawo, ungcoliseko lwamanzi lushiye uluntu luxhomekeke kumanzi emvula okanye kwimithombo eyingozi engcolisekileyo. Phezu kwako nje ukuthenjiswa kokucoca, izenzo azikwanelanga. Uphando olutsha lubonisa ukuba yi-11% kuphela yeendawo ezichongiweyo kwingxelo yokuqala ye-UNEP esele iqalile umsebenzi wokucoca, nto leyo eshiya amawaka abantu bechanabeke kumanzi ayingozi.
Iingxabano ezixhobileyo kunye nomkhosi we-delta
Ukungabikho kokusesikweni kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho okubangelwa kukusetyenziswa kweoli nako kuye kwabangela ungquzulwano lwamashumi eminyaka kulo mmandla. Njengoko uluntu lwasekuhlaleni lwaluhlanganisana ukufuna isabelo esikhulu senzuzo yeoli okanye imbuyekezo yokonakaliswa kwemekobume, ukungavisisani kuye kwakhula, kwaye amaqela amaninzi abavukeli aqalisa ukuhlasela iziseko ze-oyile.
Namhlanje, lo mmandla uhlala unomkhosi ukukhusela umdla weenkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, zihlala zikhokelela kwiingxabano ezinobundlobongela phakathi komkhosi waseNigeria kunye namaqela abavukeli. La maqela, afana ne Intshukumo yokuKhululwa kweNiger Delta (MEND), baye benza umonakalo kwimibhobho yeoli kunye nokuxhwilwa kwabasebenzi bamanye amazwe, ngelizama ukutsalela ingqalelo yamazwe ngamazwe kwiingxaki zoluntu lwabo.
Uxanduva lwenkampani: ikhwelo lobulungisa
Iinkampani ze-oyile, ngakumbi i-Shell, ziye zajongana nothotho lwamatyala kwiinkundla zamazwe ngamazwe ngenxa yokungakhathali kunye nefuthe elibi kokusingqongileyo nempilo yabantu. Amabango asusela ekusileleni ukugcina iziseko ezingundoqo ukuya ekubandakanyekeni kubundlobongela obujoliswe kumatsha ntliziyo.
Kutshanje amatyala enkundla eNetherlands naseUnited Kingdom aye athetha ngamatyala abantu abafuna imbuyekezo yemali ngomonakalo owenziwe kumhlaba nakwimpilo yabo. Ngelixa amanye amatyala abangele ukuhlaliswa kwesigidi seerandi, uninzi lweentsapho ezichaphazelekayo zisalindele ubulungisa.
Ityala le-Ejama-Ebubu ngumzekelo obalulekileyo: olu luntu lwafaka isimangalo ngokuchasene noShell emva kokuchitheka kweoli ngo-1970 okwachaphazela umhlaba weehektare ezingama-250,000. Ngo-2010, emva kweminyaka ephantse ibe yi-40 yokuxoxwa kwetyala, inkundla yamatyala yayalela uShell ukuba ahlawule i-100 lezigidi zeerandi. Nangona kunjalo, inkampani yabhena yaza yalibazisa isicelo sesigwebo.
Ngaphandle kwala manyathelo, imigangatho yokhuseleko kummandla ihleli iphantsi ngendlela engamkelekanga. Iinkampani ze-oyile ziyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngezinga eliphantsi lokuphendula, ngakumbi ukunyusa imeko kwi-Niger Delta.
Okwenzekileyo eNigeria kufanele kube ngumzekelo kwamanye amazwe atyebileyo ngobutyebi bendalo. Iinkampani zezizwe ngezizwe azinakuvunyelwa ukuba zenze izinto ngokungohlwaywa, imimandla etshabalalisayo kunye nokunyhasha amalungelo oluntu ukuze zifumane inzuzo enkulu.
INigeria, ilizwe elimele ukuba lelona gunya likhulu e-Afrika ngenxa yobuninzi bemithombo yendalo, libonele indlela obu butyebi bunye bubangele ngayo ukutshatyalaliswa kokusingqongileyo kunye nentlalo yayo. Nangona kukho imingeni, uluntu lusaqhubeka nokulwela amalungelo alo kwaye lufuna ubulungisa. Umlo wabo ongadinwayo ngumqondiso wethemba lokuba, ngenye imini, la mazwe anokubuyiselwa kwaye nobomi babo bachaphazelekayo buphuculwe.