Ukususela ekubeni amandla avuselelekayo aqala ukusetyenziswa, enye yeengxaki ezinkulu ibe yindawo yokugcina amandla avelisiweyo. Amandla avuselelekayo, afana nelanga okanye umoya, ayakwazi ukuvelisa izixa ezibalulekileyo zombane, kodwa ukuphumla kunye nokuxhomekeka kwiimeko zendalo kuphakamisa ingxaki yendlela yokulondoloza amandla ukuze asetyenziswe kamva. Namhlanje, isayensi iqhubela phambili iphuhlisa itekhnoloji entsha evumela iinkqubo zokugcina ezisebenzayo, ezinegalelo ekukhuleni okubonakalayo kwale mithombo yamandla acocekileyo.
Njengoko sisiya kwihlabathi elizinzileyo, ukuqonda ukuba ukugcinwa kwamandla avuselelekayo kusebenza njani kubalulekile. Kweli nqaku siza kudiliza iintlobo, izizathu kunye neenzuzo ezinxulumene nobuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla.
Zithini iinkqubo zokugcina?
Iinkqubo zokugcinwa kwamandla ziindlela zeteknoloji ezenzelwe ukonga amandla kwimo yawo eveliswayo okanye ukuyiguqula ibe yimo eyahlukileyo ukuze ifumaneke xa ifuneka. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla ziibhetri zeeseli, ezigcina amandla ekhemikhali ukuze zisetyenziswe kamva njengamandla ombane.
Injongo ephambili yezi nkqubo kukuqinisekisa ukuba amandla awachithwanga, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla. Zibalulekile kubathengi nakwiinkampani zombane ekubeni, kunye nabo, unikezelo lwamandla oluzinzileyo noluphezulu luqinisekisiwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuguquguquka kwemveliso, ngokukodwa kwimeko yamandla avuselelekayo. Ukususela kwizityalo zesizukulwana ukuya kusetyenziso lwasekhaya, ukugcinwa kwamandla kuba yintsika ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukufumaneka kwamandla acocekileyo kunye namaxesha onke ngamaxesha onke.
Ugcino lwamandla lukwanceda ekunciphiseni imfuno yamandla ngamaxesha aphakamileyo, ukulungelelanisa ukubonelela ngombane kunye nokufunwa ngokufanelekileyo.
Iindidi zeenkqubo zokugcina
Ngokuxhomekeke kumthamo wakho wokugcina kunye nesicelo, kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenkqubo zokugcina. Phakathi kwabo sigxininisa oku kulandelayo:
- Ugcino olukhulu: Isetyenziselwa kwiindawo apho amandla okuvelisa umbane alinganiswa kwiigigawatts (GW). Umzekelo oqhelekileyo zizityalo zombane, apho amandla amanzi agcinwa kwaye akhululwe njengoko kufuneka, ukuqhuba ukuhamba kwamanzi ukuvelisa umbane. Olu hlobo logcino lukwasetyenziswa kwisizukulwana kunye neenkqubo zokugcina ezincedisayo.
- Ukugcinwa kwiinethiwekhi zombane: Kulapho ugcino lwesikali lwe-megawathi (MW) lungena khona, lulungele ukufunxa incopho zemveliso kunye nokubuyekeza ukuphumla kwamandla ahlaziyekayo. Ziquka iibhetri ezinkulu (ezifana ne-lithium-ion), ii-flywheels, kunye ne-superconductors. Ukugcinwa kwegridi kubalulekile kumandla elanga nawomoya, apho imveliso iguquguquka ngokweemeko zomoya.
- Phelisa ukugcinwa kwabathengi: Ibhekisa kwiinkqubo ezincinci, ezinekilowatt (kW) umthamo. Abasebenzisi bamakhaya banokusebenzisa iibhetri ukugcina amandla, njengakwizithuthi zombane, izixhobo zombane okanye izinto ezifakelwa amandla elanga ezivumela ukuba amandla agcinwe ukuze asetyenziswe ebusuku okanye ngeentsuku ezinamafu. Umzekelo ocacileyo kakhulu ziibhetri ezisetyenziswa kumakhaya aneepaneli zelanga.
Izizathu zokugcina amandla
Ukugcinwa kwamandla kubalulekile kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo efuna ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo. Ezinye zezizathu eziphambili zokuba kutheni kufuneka kugcinwe amandla zezi:
- Ukuphucula isiqinisekiso kunye nomgangatho wobonelelo lombane. Ukugcina amandla ombane kuvumela abasebenzisi ukuba bawasebenzise ngexesha lemfuno ephezulu ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka ngokuthe ngqo kwigridi yombane.
- Yandisa ukhuphiswano lwamandla ahlaziyekayo kwimarike. Ngaba gcina amandla angenamkhawulo, acocekileyo kwaye phantse asimahla inikeza inzuzo ebalulekileyo kwimithombo engahlaziyekiyo, evumela ukusetyenziswa kwayo nangaliphi na ixesha.
- Iququzelela uphuhliso uthungelwano zombane smart, ezifana SmartGrid. Ezi nethiwekhi zivumela abathengi ukuba bangasebenzisi amandla kuphela, kodwa bawavelise kwaye bathumele ukugqithisa kwakhona kwigridi xa kukho i-surplus.
Ibango kunye nokugcinwa
Ukugcinwa kwamandla kubaluleke ngakumbi kuba ukuveliswa kombane kunye nokusetyenziswa kwawo akusoloko kwenzeka ngexesha elifanayo. Amandla ahlaziyekayo, afana nelanga nomoya, axhomekeke kwimithombo yendalo engasoloko itshintsha okanye iqikelelwa. Umzekelo, iiphaneli zelanga zivelisa umbane kuphela emini., ezinokubangela iingxaki ekusebenziseni ebusuku ukuba akukho nkqubo yokugcina ngokwaneleyo.
Omnye umzekelo ngamandla omoya. Nakwiindawo apho umoya ubhudla rhoqo, ubunzulu bawo bunokwahluka. Yiyo loo nto, ugcino lunokuhlawulela ukunqongophala kwemveliso ngamaxesha omoya ophantsi kunye nokuqinisekisa unikezelo olungaphazanyiswa.
Ngaloo ndlela, iinkqubo zokugcina ziye zaba ngamahlakani abalulekileyo ukulinganisa ukunikezelwa kwamandla kunye nemfuno, ukuvumela ukusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo kwamandla ahlaziyekayo.
Izibonelelo kunye nenkqubela phambili kwiinkqubo zokugcina
Nangona ukugcinwa kwamandla akusiyo iteknoloji entsha (iibhetri ze-lead acid kunye nezinye iinkqubo zikho ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-100), inkqubela phambili yakutshanje kwisayensi kunye neteknoloji iye yaphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kwayo kwaye iyaqhubeka nokuguqula icandelo lamandla. Itekhnoloji ethe yabonisa ngaphambili iingxaki zeendleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ziyanda ngokuguquguquka kwaye zinciphisa iindleko zazo, zizenza zifikeleleke ngakumbi.
lithium ion ibhetri Okwangoku yenye yezona teknoloji zithembisayo zokugcina. Ukusebenza kwayo okuphezulu, ubunzima obuphantsi kunye nomthamo omkhulu kuyenza ibe yintandokazi kumandla avuselelekayo kunye nezicelo zezithuthi zombane. Nangona kunjalo, amaxabiso ayo ahlala engumceli mngeni, kodwa uqoqosho lwesikali kulindeleke ukuba lunciphise oku kwiminyaka ezayo.
Ubuchwephesha obufana neebhetri ze-vanadium flow redox, ezibonelela ngeenzuzo ngokubhekiselele kukhuseleko kunye nokuphinda zisetyenziswe, kunye neenkqubo zokupompa i-hydraulic, ezinokugcina amandla ngendlela yamanzi, nazo zifumana ukubaluleka. Kwezi meko, amanzi agcinwa kumadama aphakamileyo aze akhululwe ukuvelisa umbane xa kuyimfuneko.
Enye inkqubo evelayo kukugcina amandla nge amagumbi atyhidiweyo, isetyenziswe kwizityalo ze-thermal zelanga, ezivumela ukugcina amandla e-thermal ukuyiguqula ibe ngumbane ngamaxesha emveliso yelanga ephantsi.
Ikamva lokugcina amandla
ISicwangciso sokuGcina amandla esivunyiweyo kwi-2022 eSpain sibona kwangaphambili ukuba, nge-2030, umthamo wokugcina we-20 GW uya kufumaneka, kwaye ukuya kwi-30 GW ngo-2050. Esi sicwangciso sifuna ukuqhubela phambili ukuguqulwa kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwi-fuel fuels , ukukhuthaza ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwamandla ahlaziyekayo.
Uphuhliso nophuculo lweenkqubo zokugcina luya kuqhubeka ukuba ngundoqo ekuqinisekiseni unikezelo lombane oluzinzileyo noluzinzileyo. Itekhnoloji efana ne-hydrogen eluhlaza, eyaziwa ngokuba amafutha kwixesha elizayo, vumela ubuninzi bamandla ukuba bugcinwe ixesha elide, elinokunciphisa iibhetri ze-lithium zangoku.
Iimarike zokugcina amandla ziqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba zidlale indima ebalulekileyo kwi-decarbonizing grids kunye nokutshintshela kwinkqubo yombane ecocekileyo, ekhuselekileyo.
Ukugcinwa kwamandla akuqinisekisi kuphela ukhuseleko lokubonelela, kodwa kukhuthaza nokuveliswa kweemodeli ezintsha zoshishino kunye namathuba kubo bobabini abavelisi bamandla kunye nabathengi.
Ngamafutshane, iinkqubo zokugcina amandla zingundoqo kumandla avuselelekayo ukuze afikelele amandla abo aphezulu, ukubonelela ukuguquguquka kunye nokuzinza kwinkqubo yombane. Enkosi kwezi nkqubela phambili, sisondela kwikamva elicocekileyo nelizinzileyo.