Iplastiki iye yaba yinto ebalulekileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla nakwintsimi yezoshishino. Ubukho bayo buvela kwiimveliso zasekhaya ukuya kumacandelo ekwakhiweni kunye namayeza. Namhlanje, akunakwenzeka ukucinga ubomi bethu ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kweeplastiki, kuba zifumaneka kuyo yonke into esiyisebenzisayo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba kukho ezahlukeneyo iintlobo zeeplastiki ezo ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeke ekusebenziseni eziya kunikwa zona, imvelaphi yazo kunye nokwakheka kwazo.
Enye yeengxaki ezinkulu zesi sixhobo kukumelana kwayo okuphezulu nokuthotywa, okwenza kube yinto engcolisa kakhulu ukuba ayilawulwa ngokuchanekileyo. Kungoko ukubaluleka kokuzihlela ukujongana nokurisayikilishwa kwazo okuchanekileyo okanye ukuphinda zisetyenziswe.
Kule nqaku siza kuchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba zeziphi iintlobo eziphambili zeeplastiki, iimpawu zabo kunye nendlela ezichaphazela ngayo indalo.
Ulwahlulo lweentlobo zeeplastiki
Iiplastiki zinokuhlelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kodwa enye yeendlela ezaziwa kakhulu yinkqubo yesimboli esetyenziswayo kuhlaziyo. Ngokuqinisekileyo ubonile kwipakethe okanye kwimveliso isimboli yokurisayikilisha equka inani elisuka ku-1 ukuya kwisi-7 ngaphakathi konxantathu weentolo. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba yi ikhowudi yokuchongwa kwe-resin.
Ngale khowudi sinokubona uhlobo lwe-resin esetyenzisiweyo ekwenzeni iplastiki kwaye, ngoko ke, inqume ukubunjwa kwayo kunye nendlela yokubuyisela kwakhona. Ngezantsi sichaza iintlobo eziphambili zeeplastiki ngokwale khowudi:
- I-PET okanye i-PETE (iPolyethylene Terephthalate)
- HDPE (iPolyethylene yoXinano oluPhezulu)
- ithayimthebhili (Polyvinyl chloride)
- LDPE (iPolyethylene yoXinaniso oluphantsi)
- PP (Ipolypropylene)
- PS (Ipolystyrene)
- ezinye iiplastiki
Iindidi zeplastiki
I-PET (i-Polyethylene Terephthalate) Iplastiki
I-PET yenye yeeplastiki eziqhelekileyo kwaye ifumaneka kakhulu kwiibhotile zesiselo ezifana neziselo ezibandayo kunye namanzi. Olu hlobo lweplastiki luyiyo elubala kunye nokukhanya, kodwa inobuqhetseba bokungabila, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ilungele ukutya kunye nokupakishwa kwesiselo. Yenye yeeplastiki ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe kwaye idla ngokuphawulwa ngenombolo 1 ngaphakathi konxantathu wokurisayikilishwa.
Isenokuphinda isetyenziswe ibe yimisonto yelaphu, iikhaphethi okanye izinto zokuzalisa imiqamelo nemiqamelo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le plastiki inokuthi ihlazeke ngokubeka ixesha elide kubushushu okanye ilanga, enokuthi ikhuphe iikhemikhali ezinobungozi.
I-HDPE (i-High Density Polyethylene) yePlastiki
I-HDPE yaziwa ngokuba yiplastiki ekwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu nokubanda, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ilungele iibhotile zobisi, izinto zokucoca, kunye nezinye iimveliso zokucoca. Olu hlobo lweplastiki lujiyile kwaye luqinile ngakumbi kune-PET kwaye lumelwe yinombolo yesi-2.
Njenge-PET, i-HDPE iphinda isetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo kwaye iqhele ukubonwa isetyenziswa kwimveliso yeembiza zeentyatyambo, izikhongozeli zenkunkuma, kunye nezinye iipakethe ezingezokutya. Ukongeza, isebenzisa amandla amancinci ukuvelisa i-HDPE kunezinye izinto, okwenza kube yinto enokusingqongileyo.
Iplastiki yePVC (iPolyvinyl Chloride)
IPVC, eyaziwa ngokuba polyvinylchloride, yenye yeeplastiki eziguquguqukayo kwaye ifumaneka kwiimveliso ezinjengemibhobho, iifestile, i-siding kunye namakhadi okuthenga ngetyala. Nangona kunjalo, yenye yezona plastikhi zinzima ukuzisebenzisa kwakhona kwaye yenye yezona zinto zininzi yingozi empilweni kuba inokukhupha ityhefu kubo bonke ubomi bayo obuluncedo.
I-PVC ichongiwe ngenombolo ye-3 kwaye, nangona isetyenziswe kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, ukuhlaziywa kwayo kulinganiselwe. Ezinye iimveliso ezithathwe kwi-PVC yokuhlaziywa kwakhona zibandakanya i-soles yezihlangu kunye nezinto zokwakha, kodwa zisamele umngeni onzima wokusingqongileyo ngenxa yokuveliswa kwayo kunye nokukhutshwa kwezinto ezinobuthi.
I-LDPE (i-Low Density Polyethylene) Iplastiki
I-LDPE ibhetyebhetye ngakumbi kunezinye iindidi zeplastiki kwaye iqhele ukufunyanwa kwiingxowa zokuthenga, izisongelo zokutya, kunye nezikhongozeli ezithambileyo. Ihlelwa njengenombolo yesi-4 kwikhowudi yokubuyisela kwakhona kwaye, nangona iphinda isetyenziswe, ayiqhelekanga ukuphinda isetyenziswe njengezinye iiplastiki ngenxa yobunzima bokucubungula iimveliso ezintle ezifana neengxowa zeplastiki.
Ukongeza, i-LDPE ikwasetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kweemveliso ezithile zonyango ezinjengeengxowa ze-IV kunye nokufakelwa kweentambo zombane. Ukuguquguquka kwayo kunye nokuchasana kwenza kube yinto eluncedo, nangona ipesenti ephantsi yokubuyisela kwakhona.
Iplastiki yePP (iPolypropylene)
El polypropylene, echongwe ngenombolo yesi-5, yenye iplastiki exhaphake kakhulu esiyifumana kwiimveliso ezifana neminqwazi yeebhotile, iindiza, izikhongozeli zokutya, iisirinji kunye namanabukeni alahlwayo. Olu hlobo lweplastiki alukwazi ukumelana nobushushu, nto leyo eyenza ibe lolona khetho lufanelekileyo kwizikhongozeli ezifuna ii-microwaves kunye neemveliso zamashishini.
Emva kokurisayikilishwa, iPP ingaphinda isetyenziselwe ukwenziwa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana nelaphu, iinxalenye zemoto, izikhongozeli kunye nezitulo zeplastiki. Yenye yeeplastiki ezinamandla kakhulu kwaye iimpawu zayo ziyenza i-100% iphinde isetyenziswe.
IPlastiki yePS (iPolystyrene)
I-Polystyrene, ephawulwe ngenombolo yesi-6, yenye iplastiki eqhelekileyo enokufumaneka kwiimveliso ezifana nezikhongozeli zeyogathi, iikomityi zokusela ezishushu, kunye nezitya zokutya okukhawulezayo. Ipolystyrene eyandisiweyo, eyaziwa ngokuba isikhokho esimhlophe, Kwakhona luhlobo lwepolystyrene esetyenziselwa ukupakisha kunye neemveliso zokukhusela.
Nangona le plastiki inokuphinda isetyenziswe, ukuxinana kwayo okuphantsi kwenza kube nzima ukuyiqokelela nokuthutha, nto leyo enciphisa izinga lokurisayikilishwa kwayo. Ukongeza, inkqubo yokuphinda isetyenziswe kwi-polystyrene ayisebenzi kakuhle njengaleyo yezinye iiplastiki.
Ezinye iintlobo zeplastiki
Inombolo yesi-7 ibandakanya uluhlu olubanzi lweeplastiki ezingahlelwanga kumaqela angaphambili. Ngaphakathi kolu didi kukho iimveliso ezifana polycarbonate, i Umtya, i I-Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) kunye nezinye iiplastiki ezinomxube odibeneyo.
Nangona ezinye zezi plastiki zikwazi ukurisayiklishwa, zibonakalisa iingxaki ezingakumbi ngenxa yomxube weentlaka ozenza nzima inkqubo yokurisayikilisha. Ukongeza, ezinye zezi plastiki zinokuqulatha izinto eziyityhefu njenge-bisphenol A (BPA), eye yaphononongwa ngempembelelo enokubakho kwimpilo yabantu.
Iibhayiloji
I-Bioplastics zezo iiplastiki ezinemvelaphi ehlala kwimithombo yendalo ehlaziyiweyo efana nesitashi sombona, iswekile okanye i-cellulose. Ngokungafani neeplastiki eziqhelekileyo, i-bioplastics ayiveli kwi-petroleum kwaye, kuxhomekeke ekubunjweni kwayo, ingaba inokuphawuleka.
Imizekelo ye-bioplastics ibandakanya I-PLA (i-polyactic acid), esetyenziselwa ukupakisha ukutya kunye neebhotile ezithile. Nangona i-bioplastics ineempembelelo ezisezantsi zokusingqongileyo, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba azihlali ziqhekeza ngokulula kwiindawo zendalo kwaye izityalo ezininzi zokuhlaziywa azikulungelwanga ukuba zisebenze ngokufanelekileyo.
Iiplastiki ezinokuboliswa ziintsholongwane
Ezi ntlobo zeplastiki zenzelwe ngokukodwa ukuthotywa kwe-biodegrade phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo zokusingqongileyo. Bahlala bebhideka kunye ne-bioplastics, kodwa isitshixo kwiiplastiki ezinokubola kukuba zinokubola isenzo se-microorganisms njengebhaktheriya okanye umngundo.
Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke iiplastiki ezibolayo ezibolayo ngexesha elinye okanye phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo. Enyanisweni, ezinye zifuna amaqondo obushushu athile okanye ubukho beoksijini. Ngoko ke, ukurisayikilishwa kwayo kunokuba nzima kunokuba kubonakala.
Thermoplastics
I-Thermoplastics yizo ezinokunyibilika kwaye zibunjwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa iimpawu zabo. Oku kubenza ukhetho ukurisayikilishwa friendly, ekubeni zinokuphinda zicocwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Eminye imizekelo ibandakanya i-polyvinyl chloride (PVC), i polyethylene kunye polycarbonate.
Inzuzo yabo ephambili kukuba banokuphinda basetyenziswe ngeenkqubo zoomatshini, ezinciphisa isidingo sokuvelisa iiplastiki ezintsha kumafutha efosili.
Iiplastiki zethermoset
Iiplastiki ze-Thermoset zizinto ezinokuthi inkqubo yokwakheka ingabi nakuguqulwa. Ngokungafaniyo ne-thermoplastics, ayinakuphinda yenziwe okanye inyibilikiswe xa sele ibunjwe okokuqala.
Phakathi kwemizekelo eqhelekileyo yeeplastiki ze-thermoset zi irabha yokwenziwa, i-silicones kunye iintlazi epoxy. Ezi plastiki zisetyenziswa xa iimveliso ezomeleleyo ezinokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo lomatshini ziyafuneka, njengakwimeko yezixhobo ze-elektroniki kunye neenxalenye zeemoto.
Microplastics
Los microplastics Ngamasuntswana eplastiki amancinci anomlinganiselo ongaphantsi kwe-5 mm. Zenziwa elwandle nasemhlabeni ngenxa yokubola kweemveliso zeplastiki ezinkulu kwaye zithathwa njengenye yeengxaki ezinkulu zongcoliseko lwendalo namhlanje.
Ezi ntwana ziyakwazi ukufunxa i-toxins kwaye zifakwe zizilwanyana zaselwandle, ngaloo ndlela zingena kwikhonkco lokutya kwaye zinokuchaphazela impilo yabantu. I-Microplastics nayo ifumaneka kwi-cosmetics kunye nemveliso yokucoca, apho isebenza njenge-exfoliating agents.
Kubalulekile ukuba oorhulumente kunye namashishini basebenzisane ukunciphisa ungcoliseko lwe-microplastic kunye nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezizinzileyo.
Okokugqibela, kunyanzelekile ukuba sonke sibe nolwazi ngokusetyenziswa okuchanekileyo kunye nokulahlwa kokugqibela kweplastiki ukunciphisa ifuthe layo kokusingqongileyo.