Umbane yinto yendalo ebalulekileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla kwaye udlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lobuchwepheshe noqoqosho. Nangona kunjalo, imveliso yayo ifuna iziseko eziyinkimbinkimbi, kwaye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo zamandla zenza ukuveliswa kwayo kwenzeke. Umbane esiwusebenzisayo kufuneka uveliswe kwizityalo ezikhethekileyo, ezaziwa ngokuba zizixhobo zombane, eziguqula iindlela ezahlukeneyo zamandla asisiseko zibe ngamandla ombane.
Inkqubo yokuvelisa umbane iyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezisetyenziswayo, okukhokelela kwiindidi ezininzi zezityalo zamandla. Ukusebenza kakuhle kunye namandla ezi zityalo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezisetyenziswayo kunye nobuchwepheshe obusebenzisayo. ESpain, awona mandla axhaphakileyo avelisa amandla e-thermal, inyukliya, ilanga, umoya kunye nombane wamanzi.
Ngezantsi siza kukuxelela yonke into oyifunayo ukuba uyazi malunga neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo zamandla ezikhoyo, ukusebenza kwazo kunye neempawu.
Iindidi zezityalo zamandla
izityalo zamandla ashushu
Izityalo zamandla ashushu zifumana uninzi lwamandla azo ngokutshiswa kwezinto ezinokutsha. Kukho iindidi ezininzi phakathi kwezi, ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto abazisebenzisayo njengamafutha:
- Zakudala: Zondla ubukhulu becala kumafutha efosili, njengamalahle, igesi yendalo kunye neoyile, ezitshiselwa ukufudumeza amanzi kwaye zivelise umphunga woxinzelelo oluphezulu. Lo mphunga uqhuba iturbine eyenza umbane. Nangona zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo ekuveliseni amandla, ukukhutshwa kweegesi ezingcolisekileyo kukwenza ukusilela kwazo okukhulu.
- IBiomass: Basebenzisa inkunkuma yezinto eziphilayo, njengamahlathi, iintsalela zezolimo okanye inkunkuma yasezidolophini, ukuvelisa amandla. Ezi ntlobo zezityalo zibhekwa njengezizinzileyo kunezo zakudala, kuba i-CO2 ekhutshwayo ayithathi hlangothi xa kuthelekiswa nokukhutshwa kwamafutha efosili.
- Ukutshiswa kwenkunkuma kamasipala: Basebenzisa inkunkuma ecociweyo njengowona mthombo wamandla ngokutshiswa. Le nkqubo ivelisa umthamo omkhulu wombane kwaye inciphisa imithamo yenkunkuma eqinileyo, nangona ingabonisa umngeni malunga nolawulo lokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo.
- Amaziko amandla enyukliya: Basebenzisa i-fission yeeathom ze-uranium ukwenza ubushushu, obusetyenziselwa ukuguqula amanzi abe ngumphunga kwaye aqhube iiinjini zomoya. Ngaphandle kobuchule kunye nomthamo wabo wemveliso, iinkxalabo malunga nolawulo lwenkunkuma yenyukliya kunye neengozi ezayanyaniswa nazo zibenza babe ngumxholo wengxoxo kunye neempikiswano.
Izityalo zamandla omoya
Amaziko ombane omoya aguqula amandla ekinetic omoya abe ngumbane kusetyenziswa iiinjini zomoya. Iifama zomoya zenziwe ngeenqaba ezininzi ezinejenereyitha zomoya ezithatha amandla emoyeni. Iincakuba zeeinjini zomoya ziyajikeleza ukuze zihambise i-injini yomoya, ethi yona ivelise umbane.
ESpeyin, iimeko zendalo zivumela ukusetyenziswa okubalulekileyo kwesi sixhobo. Nangona kunjalo, ufakelo lomoya luxhomekeke kwisantya somoya kwaye, kwezinye iindawo, oku kunokunciphisa ukusebenza kwabo. Ngaphandle kwale mida, amandla omoya athathwa njengokhetho olucocekileyo noluzinzileyo.
Izityalo zamandla elanga
Izityalo zamandla elanga zithatha ithuba lamandla elanga kwaye kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili:
- Ifotovoltaic: Basebenzisa iipaneli zelanga ezakhiwe ngeeseli ze-photovoltaic eziguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngumbane. Olu hlobo lwesityalo samandla sixhaphakile kwiindawo ezinokukhanya okuphezulu kwelanga, njengakumazantsi eSpain. Iiseli ze-Photovoltaic zivelisa umbane othe ngqo, oguqulelwa kwi-alternating current ukuze usasazwe.
- Thermosolar: Ezi zityalo zibamba ubushushu belanga ngezipili ezigxininise kwimitha yelanga ukutshisa ulwelo oluvelisa umphunga, oqhuba i-iturbine ukuvelisa umbane. Ezi zityalo zidla ngokubandakanya iinkqubo zokugcina ukushisa ezivumela ukuveliswa kwamandla nangona kungekho ilanga elithe ngqo.
Izityalo zamanzi zombane
Ukusebenza kwezityalo ezivelisa umbane ngamanzi kusekwe kusetyenziso lwamandla anokubakho emanzini, agcinwe kumadama okanye athabathe ithuba lokuhamba kwemilambo yendalo. Xa amanzi ekhutshiwe, ahamba ngombhobho ukuya kwii turbines, ebangela ukuba zijikeleze kwaye zivelise umbane nge-alternator.
Olu hlobo lwesityalo ngumthombo wamandla ohlaziyekayo ongavelisi izinto ezikhutshwayo ezingcolisayo. Zinokwahlulwa ngokomthamo wazo wemveliso zibe zizityalo ezinkulu, ezincinci kunye nezincinci. Nangona impembelelo yazo yokusingqongileyo iphantsi, ukwakhiwa kwamadama kunokutshintsha inkqubo yendalo yasekhaya.
Amaziko ombane olwandle kunye namaza
Ezi zityalo zisebenzisa ithuba lokuhamba kwamaza namaza olwandle ukuze zivelise umbane. Kanye njengezityalo ezivelisa umbane ngamanzi, izityalo ezihamba ngamaza zivelisa amandla ngomohluko wobude phakathi kwamaza aphezulu naphantsi; ngelixa amandla amaza esebenzisa amandla amaza ukuhambisa iiinjini zomoya. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iitekhnoloji, impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kwezi ntlobo zezityalo incinci.
Izityalo zomjikelezo odibeneyo kunye nokusebenza kwazo
Umjikelo wamandla ombane odityanisiweyo sisixhobo samandla obushushu esidibanisa imijikelo emibini ephambili ye-thermodynamic ukuvelisa umbane: umjikelo we-Rankine kunye nomjikelo weBrayton.
- Umjikelo weBrayton: Kulo mjikelo, igesi yendalo itshiswa kwindawo yokutshisa ukuvelisa iigesi ezishushu eziqhuba i-turbine yegesi exhunywe kwi-generator yombane.
- Umjikelo weRankine: Ubushushu obushiyekileyo beegesi ezikhutshwa kwi-Brayton Cycle busetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umphunga wamanzi, obuye uqhube i-injini yomphunga.
Ezi zityalo zisebenza kakuhle kakhulu, kuba zithatha ithuba lobushushu obugqithileyo kumjikelo ukuvelisa umbane owongezelelweyo.
Ukubaluleka kwemizi-mveliso yamandla enyukliya
Amaziko ombane eNyukliya abe ngumdlali ophambili ekuveliseni umbane omkhulu. Inkqubo yokuqhekeka kwenyukliya eyenziwa kwezi zityalo iyakwazi ukuvelisa izixa ezikhulu zombane ngamafutha amancinci xa kuthelekiswa nemithombo yefosili. Nangona kunjalo, imingeni yolawulo lwenkunkuma yenyukliya kunye nemingcipheko yokhuseleko eyayanyaniswa nayo idale iingxoxo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwayo.
Kulindeleke ukuba kwixesha elizayo fusion reactors zibonelela ngeyona ndlela icocekileyo nekhuselekileyo kwiireactor zangoku zokuqhekeka, kunye nenkunkuma enemitha esezantsi kunye namanqanaba aphezulu okusebenza.
Ikamva lokuveliswa kombane lijoliswe ngokucacileyo kwimithombo ecocekileyo, nangona amaziko ombane ashushu kunye nawenyukliya aya kuqhubeka ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo ngexesha lotshintsho. Nangona kunjalo, amazwe amaninzi atyala imali kwizisombululo ezizinzileyo ezifana nelanga, umoya, ulwelo lwamanzi kunye namandla e-biomass ukuqinisekisa unikezelo lwamandla olusebenzayo nolungenabungozi kokusingqongileyo.