Ukusukela ngo-1776, iUnited States isebenzise imithombo eyahlukeneyo yamandla, isivumela ukuba sihlalutye indaleko yayo njengembonakaliso yotshintsho lwehlabathi kusetyenziso lwamandla. Eli lizwe liyekile ukusebenzisa iinkuni njengowona mthombo wamandla ukuya kuxhomekeke kumalahle, i-oyile kunye negesi yendalo, awona mafutha asetyenziswa kakhulu kwimbali yakutshanje yehlabathi.
Kwiigrafu ezininzi ezivela kwi-Energy Information Administration (EIA), sinokubona ngokucacileyo utshintsho lwembali kwimithombo yamandla kunye nendlela ehanjiswa ngayo. Njengoko sisiya phambili ekuhambeni kwexesha, kuyacaca ukuba iifosili zazilawula njani umxube wamandla eUnited States ngaphezu kwenkulungwane. Ngaphandle kokunyuka kwamandla avuselelekayo, imithombo yefosili isayigcinile intatho-nxaxheba ebalulekileyo kumxube wamandla welizwe.
Ukongamela kwamafutha efosili
Ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-1900, amalahle aqalisa ukufumaneka njengowona mthombo wamandla, eshenxisa iinkuni. Ukukhula kwawo kwaba kangangokuba ngo-XNUMX anikezela ngamalahle uninzi lweefektri zelizwe kunye nezitimela zikaloliwe. Ngoku ngasembindini wenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, amalahle aye odlulwa kukusetyenziswa kwe-oyile kusetyenziso lwamandla, la mva ukuba ngawona mafutha asetyenziswa kakhulu, ngakumbi kwicandelo lezothutho.
Irhasi yendalo Ikwafumene umhlaba kwi-matrix yamandla esizwe kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-70, kwaye yaba ngumthombo ophambili wokuveliswa kombane, ukufuduswa kwamalahle ngakumbi. Ngaphandle kweziganeko zoo-XNUMX ezathi okomzuzwana zaphazamisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-fossil, ubukhosi babo abuzange buthandabuzeke de kwafika amandla avuselelekayo kumashumi eminyaka kamva.
Ukuxhomekeka kakhulu kweUnited States kula mafutha mathathu efosili (ioyile, irhasi yendalo kunye namalahle) yathatha ixesha elingaphezu kwenkulungwane, ithatha ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80% yokusetyenziswa kwamandla elizwe. Nangona bekukho utyhalo olumandla olubhekiselele kumandla ahlaziyekayo kule minyaka yakutsha nje, iifosili akulindelekanga ukuba zinyamalale kwindawo ekhoyo ngoku.
Ukuqala kwamandla: Ukhuni
Ngasekupheleni kweenkulungwane ze-18 kunye nasekuqaleni kwe-19th, iinkuni zadlala indima ebalulekileyo njengomthombo oyintloko wamandla kumakhaya aseMelika. Esi sixhobo sasininzi kwaye sinokuhlaziywa, sibonelela ngokufudumeza kunye namandla okupheka. Kangangeminyaka emininzi ibingumqolo woqoqosho lwasekhaya de kwafika amalahle kwaguqula ishishini.
Ukusetyenziswa kweenkuni kwaqala ukwehla ukuya kumbindi wenkulungwane ye-19, apho amalahle aba ngawona mandla okuqhuba ishishini. Ukutshintsha ukusuka kwiplanga ukuya kumalahle kwaba nefuthe elibi kuphuhliso lwentlalo noqoqosho lwase-United States, luququzelela ukwandiswa kweefektri kunye nothutho lukaloliwe, amacandelo aphambili ukuqinisa ukukhula kwelizwe.
Ixesha lenyukliya kunye notshintsho
Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-50 kwavela uhlobo olutsha lwamandla: amandla enyukliya. Ukusukela kwiziko layo lokuqala lorhwebo ngeminyaka yoo-XNUMX, amandla enyukliya abonwa njengenye indlela ethembekileyo necocekileyo kumafutha efosili. Nangona kunjalo, nangona inakho, ukukhula kwayo kwakucotha kwaye ukudityaniswa kwayo kwi-matrix yamandla kuphazamiseka ngenxa yeengxaki ezifana neengozi kunye neenkxalabo zokhuseleko.
Nangona kunjalo, izityalo zenyukliya ziyaqhubeka nokusebenza kwaye zivelisa phantse i-19% yombane opheleleyo e-United States namhlanje. Ngokungafaniyo namanye amazwe athe anciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwawo kulo mthombo, njengeJapan emva kwentlekele yaseFukushima, iUnited States iyaqhubeka nokuthatha amandla enyukliya njengentsika ephambili ekutshintsheni kwayo kumandla acocekileyo.
Amandla avuselelekayo: utshintsho oluyimfuneko
Amandla ahlaziyekayo, aquka amanzi, umoya, ilanga kunye nebhayomass, aphinde avela ngeminyaka yoo-80 kwaye avela njengesiseko sekamva lamandla e-United States. Nangona ukukhula kwayo bekucotha kumashumi okuqala eminyaka, ukusukela kwishumi leminyaka yokuqala yenkulungwane yama-XNUMX ilizwe libhalise ukuqhubela phambili okubonakalayo, ngakumbi kumandla elanga nawomoya.
Ngowama-2014, amandla ahlaziyekayo ebemele i-10% yokusetyenziswa kwamandla ewonke kweli lizwe, kwaye le pesenti iye yanda minyaka le. Ngo-2022, umzekelo, amandla omoya aya kodlula amandla ombane owenziwe ngamanzi njengowona mthombo usetyenziswayo uhlaziyekayo. Olu tshintsho lubangelwe ngokuyinxenye yinkqubela phambili ephawulekayo yobuchwepheshe eyenze la mandla afikeleleka ngakumbi kwaye akwazi ukukhuphisana xa kuthelekiswa namafutha efosili.
Namhlanje, malunga ne-17% yombane owenziwe e-United States uvela kwimithombo evuselelekayo. Nangona inani lisenokubonakala lithobekile xa lithelekiswa nezinye iintlanga, ezifana neDenmark, ezivelisa ngaphezu kwe-50% yombane wazo ngamandla avuselelekayo, umkhwa uyaqhubeka nokunyuka e-United States.
Ikamva lamandla laseMelika
Njengoko sihamba kumashumi eminyaka ezayo, indawo yamandla yase-US ijongene nemingeni kunye namathuba. Ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kumafutha e-fossil kungundoqo kungekuphela nje ekuzinzeni, kodwa kunye nokuhlangabezana nezibophelelo zamazwe ngamazwe phantsi kwezivumelwano ezifana neSivumelwano saseParis, esijolise ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse.
Irhasi yendalo kunye ne-oyile kulindeleke ukuba zihlale ziphambili kwixesha elifutshane, kodwa amandla avuselelekayo afana nomoya, ilanga kunye ne-biomass kulindeleke ukuba aqhubeke nokukhula kwawo okukhawulezileyo. ISolar ingakumbi ibona ukwanda okubonakalayo kwinani lofakelo kunye nomthamo wokwenziwa, enkosi ngokuyinxenye kwinkuthazo yerhafu kunye nezikhokelo zolawulo ezivumayo.
Ikamva lase-United States liya kuxhomekeka kumandla ayo okudibanisa imithombo ecocekileyo nezinzileyo kumxube wayo wamandla. Ilandela ekhondweni lezinye izizwe ezifana neFransi neJamani, eziye zenza inkqubela ebonakalayo kutshintsho kumandla anekhabhoni ephantsi, iUnited States ifuna ukulungelelanisa ukuxhomekeka kwayo kwiifosili kunye neemfuno zokusingqongileyo nezoqoqosho zenkulungwane yama-21.
Ngesicwangciso esicingayo kunye noxinzelelo olukhulu kuphando nakuphuhliso, iUnited States inokukhokelela kwinguqu yamandla aluhlaza kwiminyaka ezayo, imisela umzekelo kwihlabathi liphela kwaye iqinisekisa ikamva elizinzileyo kwizizukulwana ezizayo.