ESpain, sinomxube wamandla oquka zombini imithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo nengahlaziyekiyo. Imithombo engahlaziyekiyo iphumelele ngokwembali, kodwa ilizwe lithathe amanyathelo abalulekileyo kwikamva elizinzileyo ngokukhuthazwa kwamandla acocekileyo.
Amandla aphambili abhekisa kumandla akwimo yawo yendalo ngaphambi kokuba aguqulwe okanye aguqulwe abe kolunye uhlobo lwamandla, ngelixa amandla okugqibela afikelela kumsebenzisi ukuba asetyenziswe. ISpain, njengamanye amazwe aseYurophu, izibophelele ekunciphiseni ukuxhomekeka kwayo kumafutha efosili kwaye yamkele amandla ahambelana nokusingqongileyo.
Imithombo yamandla eSpain
Ilizwe linomxube wamandla oquka imithombo ehlaziyekayo nengahlaziyekiyo. Ukususela kwintlekele yezoqoqosho kwi-2008, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla eSpain kwehla, nto leyo eyabangela ukwamkelwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo ezinzileyo.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i Imithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo sele iqalisile ukudlala indima ebaluleke ngakumbi kumxube wezamandla welizwe. Phakathi kweyona mithombo iphambili ngamandla elanga, amandla omoya kunye namandla omoya oqhutywa ngamanzi. La mandla awancedi kuphela ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse, kodwa abonelela ngomthombo ozinzileyo kunye nozinzileyo kwixesha elide.
Iimveliso zePetroleum: indima yazo kumxube wamandla
Iimveliso zePetroleum ziyaqhubeka zingumthombo obalulekileyo wamandla eSpain. Ezi ziquka iimveliso ezifana i-liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), i-petroli, i-diesel kunye ne-kerosene, ezisetyenziswa kumacandelo aphambili afana nokuthutha, ishishini kunye nokusetyenziswa kwasekhaya.
I-LPG, eyenziwe ikakhulu yibutane kunye nepropane, iqhele ukusetyenziswa kumakhaya ukufudumeza, ukupheka, kunye namanzi ashushu. I-petroli kunye ne-diesel iyaqhubeka ukuba ngamafutha ayimfuneko kwezothutho, nangona iinzame zokuya kwiindlela ezizinzileyo. Ezinye iimveliso zikwahluzwa, njenge-kerosene kwinqwelomoya kunye ne-oyile yamafutha, esetyenziswa kakhulu kwimizi-mveliso.
Nangona iSpain icutha ngokuqhubekayo ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwamafutha efosili, ihlala iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yomxube wayo wamandla.
Imithombo yamandla engahlaziyekiyo eSpain
ISpain, ngaphandle kokuhambela phambili kumandla avuselelekayo, iyaqhubeka nokuxhomekeka kakhulu imithombo engahlaziyekiyo. Ezi ziquka i-oli, igesi yendalo, amalahle kunye namandla enyukliya.
- Ioli: Owona mthombo wamandla othutho kunye necandelo lezoshishino.
- Irhasi yendalo: Isetyenziswa ikakhulu ukwenza umbane.
- Amalahle: Nangona ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwehle kakhulu, isengumthombo wamandla izityalo zamandla ashushu.
- Amandla enyukliya: Ibonelela malunga ne-20% yombane welizwe.
Uthungelwano losasazo lwaseSpain lubandakanya izinto zokucoca kunye nemibhobho, efana ne Iikhilomitha ezingama-4.020 zemibhobho yeoli esuka kwiNkampani yeHydrocarbon Logistics (CLH), edibanisa iindawo zokucoca ezininzi kwi-peninsula. Ngaphandle koko, IiEnagas ilawula iziseko ezingundoqo ezivumela ukusetyenziswa kwerhasi yendalo kuwo wonke ummandla.
Ngokuphathelele ukusetyenziswa, kuye kwancitshiswa ukusetyenziswa kwepetroli kunye ne-diesel kwiminyaka yamuva nje, kodwa i-kerosene iye yahlala izinzile ngenxa yokukhula kokhenketho lomoya. Enye inkalo ebalulekileyo kukusetyenziswa kwe igesi yepetroleum kwiindawo apho igesi yendalo ingekhoyo.
Amandla ahlaziyiweyo eSpain
I-42% yombane owenziwe eSpain uvela kumandla avuselelekayo. Phakathi kweyona mithombo ibalulekileyo, amandla omoya, amandla ombane ophehlwa ngamanzi, amandla elanga kunye ne-biomass abalaseleyo.
Amandla omoya
ISpain yenye yeenkokheli zehlabathi kwimveliso yamandla omoya, ibekwa kuphela emva kweJamani eYurophu. I amandla omoya Inoxanduva malunga ne-20% yombane welizwe. La mandla aveliswa ngokusetyenziswa kweeinjini zomoya kwiipaki ezisasazwe kuwo wonke ummandla, emhlabeni nangaphandle konxweme.
Amandla esola
La amandla elanga, zombini i-photovoltaic kunye ne-thermal, ifumene ukukhula okubonakalayo kwiminyaka yamuva nje ngenxa yenkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe kunye neenguqu zokulawula. Amandla elanga ephotovoltaic aguqula imitha yelanga ibe ngumbane, ngelixa amandla obushushu belanga esebenzisa ubushushu belanga ukufudumeza amanzi kunye nokuvelisa amandla.
ISpain ineenzuzo ezinkulu zokuphunyezwa okukhulu kwamandla elanga ngenxa yobuninzi beeyure zokukhanya kwelanga kuninzi lommandla, ngakumbi kumazantsi elizwe.
Amandla e-Hydraulic
Umbane we-Hydropower ngowona mthombo wesibini ubalulekileyo ovuselelekayo eSpain. Ngofakelo lwe izityalo zombane Kwimilambo emikhulu, ukuhamba kwamanzi kusetyenziswa ukuvelisa umbane. Nangona kunjalo, imiba efana nembalela inokuchaphazela umthamo wayo wokuvelisa, yenze lo mthombo ube yinto enokuthenjwa kangako ngamaxesha emvula encinane.
La amandla ombaneNangona ukuthatha kwayo inxaxheba kumxube wamandla kuye kwehlile kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ihlala ibalulekile, imele ngaphezu kwe-18% yamandla ewonke awenziwa eSpain.
Amanye amandla ahlaziyekayo
- IBiomass: Iveliswa ikakhulu kwinkunkuma ephilayo. I-Biomass inamandla okukhula kwaye inokunceda ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2.
- Ubushushu bomhlaba: Nangona ukusetyenziswa kwayo kulinganiselwe xa kuthelekiswa neminye imithombo evuselelekayo, amandla e-geothermal nawo abonisa amathuba kwimimandla ethile yaseSpain.
Amandla ombane eSpain
Icandelo lombane laseSpain litshintshe kakhulu kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo. Ngaphambili, imithombo ephambili yombane yayiyi-thermal kunye nenyukliya, kodwa ngoku, Amandla ahlaziyekayo adlala indima engundoqo.
Izityalo zombane wamanzi zibalulekile kwimveliso yombane eSpain, kunye ne umoya kunye nezityalo zamandla elanga, eziye zakhula ngokukhawuleza kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo. Ngaphaya koko, amaziko ombane enyukliya aqhubeleka nokubonelela ngesixa esibalulekileyo sombane.
Izityalo zomjikelo odibeneyo, ezisebenzisa igesi yendalo ukuvelisa umbane, ziye zafumana ukubaluleka kwiminyaka yamuva nje ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo kunye nokukwazi ukugqiba ukunikezelwa xa amandla avuselelweyo ayanele.
Ngokuphathelele ukuhanjiswa, i Inethiwekhi yoMbane yaseSpain (REE) Inoxanduva lokulawula ukuhanjiswa kombane ngenethiwekhi egubungela ilizwe lonke, inceda ukulungelelanisa ukuveliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kombane.
Ikamva lenkqubo yombane eSpain ixhomekeke kakhulu kwidijithali kunye nokuphucula iziseko zophuhliso ukuvumela ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu kwamandla avuselelekayo.
Inguqu yamandla eSpain iqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza ekumkelweyo Imithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo, nangona kusekho umsebenzi ekufuneka wenziwe ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kumafutha efosili.
Ngelixa imithombo engahlaziyekiyo efana ne-oyile kunye negesi yendalo isadlala indima ebalulekileyo, ukukhula kwamandla acocekileyo anjengomoya kunye nelanga ngokuqhubekayo kushenxisa amafutha efosili. Icandelo lamandla aseSpain lihlala liguquka, kwaye injongo yexesha elide kukufikelela kuninzi lwentatho-nxaxheba yamandla avuselelekayo kumxube wamandla.