Ukuphepha ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha efosili ebangela ukwanda kobushushu behlabathi ngenxa Ukukhutshwa kweegesi zegreenhouse, kukho iinzame ezingakumbi zokuphanda nokuphuhlisa amanye amandla. Phakathi kwezi ndlela, i amandla ahlaziyekayo ezifana nelanga, umoya, i-geothermal, ihydraulic kunye ne-biomass. Ngaphakathi kwe-biomass, sifumana i-biofuels, ethi Ziluhlobo lwamandla ahlaziyekayo afunyanwa kwizinto eziphilayo, kwaye zinamandla okutshintsha amafutha efosili. Oku kuvelisa umdla omkhulu ngenxa yeenzuzo zayo zokusingqongileyo nezoqoqosho. Ngezantsi, sihlolisisa ngokubanzi ukuba yintoni i-biofuels, imvelaphi yazo, iindidi kunye neenzuzo.
Ngaba uyafuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga namandla e-biofuel?
Imvelaphi kunye nembali yamandla e-biofuel
Los Iibhayoloji Ayiyonto yanamhlanje. Imbali yayo ibuyela emva ngaphezu kwenkulungwane. Ngeentsuku zokuqala zetekhnoloji ye-injini, abaqambi abakhulu bathanda URudolf Diesel y Henry Ford Babesele becinga ngezinye iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa endaweni yeoli. I-Diesel yenza injini ngo-1893 eyayisebenza kwi-oyile ye-peanut, eya kuthi ekugqibeleni ikhokelele ekusebenziseni amafutha edizili ngenxa yokulula kunye nexabiso eliphantsi lepetroleum. Ngaxeshanye, uHenry Ford wenza iModel T yakhe edumileyo ngo-1908, eyayisetyenziswa ethanol njengamafutha. Nkqu neenkampani ezinkulu ezifana ne-Standard Oil zakhuthaza ukudibanisa i-petroli ne-ethanol (i-25% ye-ethanol kwizikhululo zabo zenkonzo ngo-1920s).
Nangona kunjalo, emva kwe ingxaki yeoli ngeminyaka yee-1970, i-biofuels yaphinda yasebenza. E-US, ukudibanisa i-petroli kunye ne-ethanol kwakhona kwafumana udumo ngenxa yenkuthazo karhulumente. Ekupheleni kwe-80s, iimvavanyo zaqala ngamafutha ekhabhoni. isizukulwana sesibini, ngokusekelwe kwizityalo ezingezizo ukutya. Kutshanje, namhlanje ziye zavela isizukulwana sesithathu se-biofuels, eqhutywa zezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo ezifana nobulembu, obungakhuphisani nemithombo yokutya.
I-Biofuel njengamandla ahlaziyekayo
Esinye sezizathu eziphambili zokubheja kwi-biofuels kukuba zi Umthombo wamandla ohlaziyekayo, oko kukuthi, ziveliswa ukusuka Ingca inkunkuma yezityalo okanye yendalo, endaweni yamafutha efosili athatha izigidi zeminyaka ukuyileka. I-Biofuel inokuhlaziywa ngezityalo ezithile kwaye imveliso yazo idityaniswe kumjikelo wendalo wokubanjwa kwekharbon diokside kunye nokukhutshwa kwayo. Ngenxa yoko, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunceda ukunciphisa ubunzima ukufudumala kwehlabathi ukongeza ekufakeni isandla ekuxhomekekeni kancinci kwizinto ezingahlaziyekiyo ezifana ne-oyile okanye amalahle.
Phakathi kwe-biofuels, zimbini iindidi ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele: ethanol kunye i-biodiesel.
I-Ethanol njenge-biofuel
El ethanol Yenye yezona fuel zaziwayo zebhayofuel kwaye iveliswa ikakhulu ukusuka ngqolowa okanye iswekile. EUnited States, malunga nesiqingatha sepetroli ethengiswayo ixutywa ne E-10 (umxube oqukethe i-ethanol eyi-10%). Yena E-85, kunye ne-85% ye-ethanol, isetyenziswa kwiinqwelo ze-fuel flexible.
Ngexesha lokukhula kombona, izityalo ziyafunxa ikharbon diokside (CO2) ukusuka emoyeni ngokusebenzisa i-photosynthesis, ekhupha inxalenye ye-CO2 ekhutshwe ngexesha lokutshiswa kwe-ethanol kwisithuthi. Oku kuphucula iprofayile yakho ngokwemiqathango Ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa yeegesi zegreenhouse.
Ukongeza, i-ethanol nayo kwandisa izinga le-octane yepetroli, okubangela ukutsha okungcono kwaye, ngoko ke, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kongcoliseko.
I-Biodiesel
El i-biodiesel Lolunye uhlobo olusetyenziswa ngokubanzi lwe-biofuel. Iveliswa ukusuka iioyile zemifuno, ezintsha nezisetyenzisiweyo, kunye namafutha ezilwanyana. Lamafutha athandwa kakhulu kuba anokusetyenziswa kwiinjini ezininzi zedizili ngaphandle kokufuna uhlengahlengiso olukhulu.
I-Biodiesel ikhupha izinto ezingcolisa ngaphantsi kunedizili yesintu kwaye inenzuzo yokuba biodegradable, okunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kwimeko yokuchitheka. Ngaphezu koko, imveliso yayo idla ngokusetyenziswa inkunkuma, njengeoli yokupheka esetyenzisiweyo, ethanda uqoqosho olujikelezayo.
Izinto eziluncedo zokusebenzisa amandla e-biofuel
- Amandla ahlaziyekayo kunye nawommandla: Iveliswa kwizinto zezityalo, ezivumela ukuba zihlaziywe rhoqo kwaye zigweme ukuxhaphazwa kwezixhobo ezinokuphela ezifana neoli.
- Ukunciphisa iigesi zegreenhouse: Ngexesha lokuvelisa kunye nokusetyenziswa komjikelo, i-biofuels inempembelelo ephantsi kwi-CO2 ekhutshwayo xa kuthelekiswa namafutha e-fossil.
- Ulawulo lwamandla: Amazwe avelisa i-biofuel anokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwawo kwezoqoqosho kubathengisi beoyile kumazwe angaphandle.
- Inkuthazo yezoqoqosho: Imveliso yasekhaya ye-biofuels iyakhuthazwa, kuphuculwe uqoqosho lwasemaphandleni nokudala imisebenzi kumacandelo ezolimo.
Ukungancedi ekusebenziseni amandla e-biofuel
Nangona i-biofuels ineenzuzo ezininzi, zikwanazo iingxaki:
- Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi okuphezulu: Ukuveliswa kwezityalo ze-biofuel, ezifana nombona okanye iswekile, kufuna umthamo omkhulu wamanzi, nto leyo enokubangela iingxaki ukunqongophala kwamanzi kwiindawo ezomileyo.
- Izinto ezikhutshwayo ezingathanga ngqo: Nangona ukutshisa i-biofuels kuvelisa izinto ezikhutshwayo ezimbalwa kunezibaso zefosili, zabo inkqubo yemveliso (kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwesichumiso kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi) kunokunyusa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo.
- Ukhuphiswano lokutya: Ukuveliswa kwezinye zesizukulwana sokuqala se-biofuels kunokubangela ukhuphiswano lokusebenzisa umhlaba olimekayo, nto leyo echaphazela amaxabiso okutya.
- Iindleko zemizi-mveliso: Nangona amaxabiso emveliso ehla, kusebiza kakhulu ukuvelisa i-biofuels ngomlinganiselo omkhulu xa kuthelekiswa namafutha efosili.
I-Biofuels imele umthombo othembisayo wamandla acocekileyo nahlaziyiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze ukusetyenziswa kwawo kuzinze ngokwenene, kuyimfuneko ukuqhubeka nokuphuhlisa ubugcisa obuhlonipha ubutyebi bamanzi kunye nokunciphisa ukhuphiswano ngemveliso yokutya.