Yenza i-biodiesel yethu ngeoyile entsha okanye esele isetyenzisiwe Inokwenzeka nangona ineengxaki ezithile. Kule nqaku ndiza kuthetha nawe malunga nendlela yokwenza i-biodiesel, ngaphezu kwezo ngxaki zikhankanyiweyo, kodwa into yokuqala kukuba ukwazi oko siza kukwenza.
I-Biodiesel yi ulwelo oluyimbumbulu olufunyenwe kwioyile yemifuno, eyona mathiriyeli isetyenziswayo ekrwada ngoku idlwengulwa, ujongilanga kunye neembotyi zesoya. Nangona imveliso yayo kunye neenkcubeko ze-algae nayo iyaphononongwa, ayikabi yinkqubo ebanzi kwinqanaba lemizi-mveliso.
Iipropati ze-biodiesel zifana kakhulu nezo ze-diesel ze-automotive ngokwemiqathango yobuninzi kunye nenombolo ye-cetane. Nangona kunjalo, ine-flash point ephezulu kune-diesel, ephucula ukhuseleko lwayo kwindawo yokugcina kunye nokuthutha.
La Umbutho waseMelika woVavanyo kunye neMigangatho yeZinto (ASTM) ichaza i-biodiesel njenge:
"I-Monoalkyl esters ye-long-chain fatty acids ephuma kwi-lipids evuselelekayo efana neoli yemifuno okanye i-oyile yezilwanyana, kwaye isetyenziswe kwiinjini zokutshisa."
Ngaphakathi kumacandelo e-biodiesel, Ezona esters ziqhelekileyo zisetyenziswa yi-methanol kunye ne-ethanol (efunyenwe kwi-transesterification yalo naluphi na uhlobo lwe-oyile yemifuno okanye amafutha ezilwanyana). Ezi zikhompawundi eziphambili ezinokuthi, ngaphezu kokufikeleleka, zineempawu ezifanelekileyo zokudibanisa neoli yemifuno ngokwemiqathango yokuzinza kunye neendleko.
Ukusetyenziswa kwee-biofuels ezifana ne-biodiesel kuveza izinto ezithile ngokubhekiselele kumafutha ezilwanyana zamandulo, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba ezi biofuels zixhomekeke kubonelelo lwezolimo. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukugcina engqondweni ukuba iimarike zezolimo zinefuthe njani kwimveliso yakho.
Ngaloo ngqiqo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukukhula kweshishini le-biodiesel Akuxhomekekanga kakhulu kubukho bemathiriyeli ekrwada yendawo, kodwa kuxhomekeke ekubeni kukho imfuno eyaneleyo.
Ukwanda kwemfuno yala ma-biofuels kunokuxhasa ukudalwa kwemisebenzi kwicandelo eliphambili, ukusekwa kwabemi kwimimandla yasemaphandleni kunye nokunciphisa imiphumo yobuntlango ngokutyalwa kwezityalo zamandla. Lo mjikelo uncumisayo uvumela imveliso ye-biodiesel ukuba ixhamle kwezolimo kunye neshishini, idala intsebenziswano phakathi kwamacandelo.
Izinto eziluncedo kunye nokungalunganga kwe-biodiesel
Iinzuzo eziphambili ze-biodiesel ngaphezu kwedizili zivela kuyo indalo ehlaziyekayo. Ngokungafaniyo nezibaso zefosili, eziphantsi kokuphela kwaye zibangele iingxaki zokusingqongileyo, i-biofuels inokuveliswa ngokungenasiphelo ukuba nje ukugcinwa kwekhabhoni okwaneleyo kugcinwe. Ukongeza ekubeni yinto ecocekileyo, i-biodiesel ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwenkunkuma, njengeoli yokupheka esetyenzisiweyo.
Ngokufanayo, i-biodiesel ingaba yi- into yokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwamandla ukusuka kumazwe afana neSpain, angenisa ngaphezu kwe-80% yamafutha efosili abawasebenzisayo. Ngokuvelisa i-biodiesel apha ekhaya, imfuno yokuthenga amafutha angaphandle iyancitshiswa, ivelisa impembelelo enhle kwibhalansi yezorhwebo yelizwe.
Enye inkalo entle kukuba biodiesel kunciphisa kakhulu ukukhutshwa kweCO2 ngexesha lokutsha, ukufaka isandla ekulweni nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 ngexesha lomjikelo wobomi bayo kunokungathathi hlangothi, kuba izityalo ezifumaneka kuzo zifunxa ikhabhoni ngexesha lokukhula kwazo.
Ngaphandle kokuba i-biodegradable, olu lukhetho olunetyhefu encinci kakhulu kunezinye izibaso, olunciphisa umngcipheko wokungcoliseka kwendalo kunye nokwenza lula ukuphatha kwayo kwimeko yokuchitheka ngengozi.
Ngaphandle kweenzuzo zayo, enye yeengxaki eziphambili ze-biodiesel kukuba ongekakhuphisani xa kuthelekiswa nefosili yedizili ngenxa yeendleko zemveliso. Kulo mba, amaxabiso ezinto zezolimo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweenkqubo zokusulungekiswa zizinto eziphambili ezinciphisa amandla e-biodiesel ukukhuphisana ngokulinganayo kunye nedizili eqhelekileyo.
Ngokuphathelele kwiipropati zobugcisa, kufuneka kwakhona kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba i-biodiesel inayo ixabiso eliphantsi lokufudumeza ukuya kwi-diesel yesiqhelo, emele ilahleko encinci yamandla kwiinjini eziyisebenzisayo. Le lahleko ayibalulekanga, kodwa inciphisa ukwamkelwa kwayo kumacandelo athile.
Singayenza njani eyethu i-biodiesel
Fumana i-biodiesel yethu ekhaya yingozi kakhulu ngenxa yeekhemikhali ezisetyenzisiweyo, ezifana ne-methanol okanye i-caustic soda. Ngoko ke, andikucebisi ukwenza ngaphandle kokuthobela yonke imilinganiselo yokhuseleko kwaye ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa ngokusemthethweni, ekubeni Akukho mthethweni ukuvelisa i-biodiesel eSpain.
Nangona inkqubo esisiseko ilula, i-transesterification ibandakanya ukuphathwa kweemveliso eziyityhefu kunye nezonakalisayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuthobela imimiselo yangoku, kufuneka ube neendawo ezaneleyo zokuqinisekisa imveliso ekhuselekileyo.
Inkqubo
Ngokwekhemikhali, i-biodiesel ifunyenwe kumafutha emvelaphi yemifuno, apho sifumana khona i-triglycerides. Ezi khompawundi zenziwe ngamamolekyuli amathathu e-asidi enamafutha adityaniswe ne-molecule ye-glycerin.
Inkqubo ye-transesterification iquka ukwahlula la ma-acids e-fatty kwi-glycerin kunye nokubanceda ukuba babophe kwi-methanol okanye i-molecule ye-ethanol usebenzisa i-catalyst, ngokuqhelekileyo i-sodium hydroxide (NaOH) okanye i-potassium hydroxide (KOH).
Iimveliso eziyimfuneko
Eyokuqala yeemveliso esiya kuzifuna ukwenza i-biodiesel butywala. Ungakhetha ukwenza njalo imethanoli (esenza i-methyl esters) okanye ethanol (esenza i-ethyl esters). Nangona kunjalo, apha iingxaki zokuqala zivela.
Ukuba uthatha isigqibo sokwenza i-biodiesel nge-methanol, kufuneka uhlale ukhumbula ukuba ngokuqhelekileyo ivela kwigesi yendalo kwaye ayinakufumaneka ekhaya. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-ethanol ivela kwimithombo yendalo, njengezityalo, ngoko inokuveliswa ngendlela yendawo yendawo, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yesidingo sokucoceka okukhulu kunye nokulawula inkqubo.
I-Methanol kunye ne-ethanol, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yeyiphi ekhethiweyo, i iikhemikhali eziyityhefu ekufuneka iphathwe ngononophelo olupheleleyo. Akunjalo nje ukuba yingozi ukuba ifakwe, kodwa ukudibanisa nolusu kunokubangela ukulimala kakhulu.
Izinto eziphathekayo kunye nezixhobo ezifunekayo
- Ilitha enye yeoli yemifuno (entsha okanye esetyenzisiweyo)
- I-200 ml ye-methanol kwi-99% yobunyulu
- I-Catalyst: i-potassium hydroxide (KOH) okanye i-sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
- I-blender endala okanye encinci
- Ibhalansi echanekileyo (enesisombululo se-0,1 g okanye ngaphezulu)
- Iikomityi zokulinganisa (zeoyile kunye nemethanol)
- Izikhongozeli zePlastiki (HDPE), zikwazi ukumelana neekhemikhali
- Iibhotile zeplastiki (PET) zokumisa kunye nokuhlamba
- I-thermometer yokulinganisa ubushushu ngexesha lenkqubo
Zonke izixhobo kufuneka zicocwe kwaye zigcinwe zomile phambi kokuba kuqaliswe inkqubo. Kubalulekile ukuba zonke izikhongozeli ezisetyenzisiweyo zigcine zonke iimpawu zazo zekhemikhali ezikwaziyo ukumelana nomhlwa.
Ukhuseleko, kubaluleke kakhulu
Ukhuseleko lubalulekile xa uphethe i-methanol, i-ethanol, kunye nezixhobo zefektri ezifana ne-caustic soda. Ezi mathiriyeli zinokuba yingozi kakhulu ngaphandle kwezilumkiso ezifanelekileyo. Ukuqinisekisa indawo ekhuselekileyo, kufuneka ube nezixhobo ezithile esandleni.
- Iiglavu ezihlala zihleli, zinde ngokwaneleyo ukukhusela iingalo
- Iiglasi ezikhuselayo kunye neemaski ezikhethekileyo zokuthintela ukuphefumla umphunga onetyhefu
- Ukufikelela kwindawo engena umoya enamanzi abalekayo akhoyo
- Ukuthintela ukufikelela ebantwaneni nakwizilwanyana zasekhaya
Ngaba unokwenza i-biodiesel kulo naliphi na ikhaya?
Ngaphandle kochungechunge olufana "Lowo uzayo", apho i-joke eqhelekileyo yokwenza i-biodiesel ngokugungqa ibhotile ibonakala, ukufumana i-biodiesel yasekhaya ayilula okanye ikhuselekile. Ukudala le biofuel ingaba ngumsebenzi onobungozi ukuba imiyalelo efanelekileyo ayilandelwa, kwaye njengoko sikhankanywe ngaphambili, eSpain akukho mthethweni ukwenza oko ekhaya.
Nangona inkqubo epheleleyo ingabonakala ilula kuwe xa ibonakaliswe kwisishwankathelo, kukho izigaba ezininzi ezinzima ezifana nokuhluzwa kweoli, ukuhlukana kwe-glycerin kunye ne-biodiesel deacidification efuna izixhobo ezingaphezulu kunye nolwazi oluphezulu lobugcisa kwi-chemistry ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso yokugqibela.
I-biodiesel eyenziwe ekhaya eSpain
Okwangoku e-Spain akukho mthethweni ukwenza i-biodiesel yasekhaya, ummiselo onqanda kakhulu amathuba okuba le biofuel idume phakathi kwabavelisi abancinci. Nangona amanye amazwe evumela imveliso encinci phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ilizwe laseSpain liyayithintela ukwenziwa kwayo ngenxa yeengozi ezinxulumene nenkqubo kunye nomdla woqoqosho onokwenzeka.
Nangona kunjalo, amanye amazwe anje nge-United States sele eqalisile ukwazisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhithi zemveliso ye-biodiesel kwizicelo ezincinci, ezinjengeegadi okanye iifama. Nangona ezi zixhobo ziyenza lula inkqubo, iingozi zendalo zisekhona kwaye inqanaba eliphezulu lokulumka liyafuneka.
Esona sizathu siphambili emva kwezithintelo mhlawumbi sinxulumene zombini inkqubo yokhuseleko kunye Umdla kwezoqoqosho ezinxulumene nokuthengiswa kwamafutha efosili. Kwinqanaba likarhulumente, ukuveliswa kwe-biodiesel yasekhaya kubonisa isoyikiso kwi-monopoly yeenkampani ezinkulu zeoli, ezinokuchaza ukuba kutheni imveliso yayo ihlala ingekho mthethweni.
Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ikamva le-biodiesel linokwenzeka ukuba liguquke njengoko oorhulumente befumana iindlela ezintsha zokulawula imveliso encinci, kodwa okwangoku ihlala iyindawo ethintelweyo ngaphakathi kweSpain.
Nangona imiba yezomthetho kunye nokhuseleko ithintela ukhetho lokuvelisa i-biodiesel ekhaya kumazwe amaninzi, le biofuel ihlala iyinto ethembisayo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kunye nokuya kwikamva lamandla azinzileyo.