Iinjini zeHydrojeni: zisebenza njani kwaye kutheni zingundoqo kwikamva
Iinjini zeHydrogen ziyaqhubeka ukuba lelona bhejo lithembisayo kwikamva leemoto ezizinzileyo. Nangona kukho imingeni ethile yobugcisa kunye nenkqubo, obu bugcisa buvuse umdla okhulayo kwiimpawu ezinkulu ezifana neToyota, BMW, Mazda, Hyundai kunye neFord, esele ityale imali ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni ezi nkqubo. Okwangoku, sahlula iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zeenjini ze-hydrogen kwishishini: ii-injini zokutsha ze-hydrogen zangaphakathi kunye neenjini zeeseli zamafutha.
Kweli nqaku, siza kuchaza ukusebenza kweenjini zehydrogen, iimpawu zabo eziphambili, iingenelo kunye nokungonakali kwenkqubo nganye, kunye nendlela ezinokuchaphazela ngayo ikamva lokuthutha.
Isebenza njani i-injini yokutsha ye-hydrogen?
I-injini yokutsha ye-hydrogen yangaphakathi isebenza ngokufana kakhulu ne-injini yepetroli okanye i-diesel, kodwa inomahluko omnye obalulekileyo: isebenzisa i-hydrogen njengamafutha endaweni yeemveliso zepetroleum. Kule meko, i ihydrogen ixutywa neoksijini ngaphakathi kwigumbi lokutsha kwaye ibaswe yintlantsi, kanye ngendlela efanayo naleyo ikwinjini eqhelekileyo. Le nkqubo ikhupha amandla aqhuba iipiston kwaye ivelise intshukumo yomatshini.
Enye yeenzuzo eziphambili zolu hlobo lwe-injini kukuba, endaweni yokuvelisa i-carbon dioxide (CO2), ikhupha umphunga wamanzi njengemveliso. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokushisa okuphezulu okufikelelwe ngexesha lokutsha, i-nitrogen oxides (NOx) yenziwa, eqhubeka nokungcolisa. Ukunciphisa le ngxaki, ezinye izisombululo ziquka ukujova amanzi kwisistim sokuthatha, ubuchule obubonakaliswe ukunciphisa kakhulu ukubunjwa kwe-NOx.
Nangona kunjalo, iinjini zokutsha ze-hydrogen nazo zijongene nemingeni enxulumene nayo ukuxinana kwamandla yehydrogen, engaphantsi kunaleyo yezinye izibaso ezingamanzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka isixa esikhulu se-hydrogen ukwenza umsebenzi ofanayo nowenjini yepetroli. Nangona banokusebenza ngamanye amafutha afana ne-CNG okanye i-LPG, ukugcinwa kuhlala kungumqobo, ekubeni i-hydrogen kufuneka igcinwe kuxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu, ngokubanzi i-700 bar, ebandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweetanki ezikhethekileyo ezixabisa kakhulu.
Imizekelo yeenjini ze-hydrogen
Umzekelo ophawulekayo we-injini ye-hydrogen yileyo ye BMW 750hl, eyayiyenye yeenqwelo zokuqala ukusebenzisa i-hydrogen engamanzi njengamafutha. Lo mzekelo wawufuna amaqondo obushushu aphantsi kakhulu (-253ºC) ukuze kugcinwe i-hydrogen kakuhle kwiitanki ezikhethekileyo. Nangona idlulwe luyilo olutsha, imele inyathelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lobu bugcisa.
Enye imeko yi-injini i-hydrogen aquarius, ephuhliswe yinkampani yakwaSirayeli. Le njini ibalasele ngokungayifuni ioyile yokuthambisa, eyenza lula ukugcinwa kwayo. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo yayo yokuvuselela inciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-NOx, kwaye ngenxa yokukhanya kwayo kunye neendleko eziphantsi, iboniswa njengendlela esebenzayo kuzo zombini izithuthi kunye neejeneretha zamandla.
Isebenza njani i-fuel cell hydrogen injini
Ngokuchaseneyo neenjini zokutsha, iinjini zokutsha iseli yamafutha Baguqula i-hydrogen ibe ngumbane ngokusebenzisa inkqubo ye-electrochemical ebizwa ngokuba yi-reverse electrolysis. Xa ihydrogen egcinwe kwiitanki idityaniswe neoksijini kwiseli yamafutha, kuveliswa umbane onika amandla imotor yombane, ngelixa ekuphela kwemveliso ingamanzi acocekileyo.
Le nkqubo isebenze ngakumbi kunomlilo we-hydrogen, kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ayikhuphi izinto ezingcolisayo. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso eliphezulu lemveliso yeeseli zamafutha ngumqobo ophambili. Okwangoku, iplatinam isetyenziswa njenge-catalyst kwinkqubo, kodwa abanye abaphandi bajonge ezinye iindlela ezifikelelekayo, ezifana ne-ferroalloys, ukunciphisa iindleko.
Umzekelo omkhulu wobugcisa beeseli zamafutha yi IToyota Mirai, eye yatsala ingqalelo ekusebenzeni kwayo kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukuhamba ukuya kwi-650 km ngentlawulo ye-hydrogen. Olu hlobo lwetekhnoloji lufanelekile kwizithuthi ezihamba imigama emide, njengelori okanye iibhasi, ngenxa yokuzimela okukhulu abanikela ngako xa kuthelekiswa neemoto zombane eziqhelekileyo.
Izinto eziluncedo kunye nezingeloncedo kwi-injini ye-hydrogen
Iinjini zeHydrojeni, zombini ukutsha kunye neeseli zamafutha, zibonelela ngothotho lwe ezintle y imiceli mngeni, ekufuneka ilinganiswe phambi kokwamkelwa okubanzi:
- Inzuzo:
- Amaxesha okugalela i-Hydrogen mafutshane kakhulu (ngaphantsi kwemizuzu emi-5) xa kuthelekiswa nokutshaja iibhetri zombane.
- Izinto ezikhutshwayo zingaphantsi kakhulu okanye zero, kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo esetyenziswayo.
- I-Hydrogen yeyona nto ininzi kwindalo yonke, iyenza ibe yindlela ezinzileyo yexesha elide.
- Izithuthi ze-Hydrogen zinokuhlambulula umoya apho zijikeleza khona, njenge-Hyundai Nexo, enegalelo ekuphuculweni kokusingqongileyo kwedolophu.
- Iingxaki:
- Iindleko zokuveliswa kweeseli zamafutha kunye neziseko zokugcina i-hydrogen zihlala ziphezulu.
- Iziseko zophuhliso lwe-Hydrogen zilinganiselwe, kunye nezikhululo ezimbalwa kumazwe amaninzi.
- Inkqubo yokuvelisa i-hydrogen ayisoloko icocekile, ngakumbi ukuba ivela kwimithombo engenakuhlaziywa.
Ukuzimela kunye nokhuseleko kwiimoto ze-hydrogen
Iimoto zeHydrojeni zigqame kuzo inkululeko, amanani afikelelayo athelekiseka nalawo eemoto zepetroli. Iimodeli ezifana ne Itraki nexo Banikezela nge-666 km yokuzimela, ngelixa i-Toyota Mirai idlula i-650 km. Oku kwenza ukuba izithuthi ze-hydrogen zikhuphisane kakhulu malunga nokuhamba umgama omde.
Ngokuphathelele khu seleko, iitanki ze-hydrogen ziyilelwe ukuba zimelane noxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu kunye neembumbulu, njengoko iToyota iqinisekisa kwimodeli yayo ye-Mirai. Iziseko zophuhliso kunye nemigangatho yokhuseleko lwezithuthi ze-hydrogen ziye zahamba ixesha elide kwiminyaka yamuva nje, okukhokelela kwizithuthi ezikhuselekileyo njengepetroli okanye i-diesel efanayo.
Ikamva le-hydrogen kwishishini leemoto liyaqhubeka nokuvela. Ngokuqhubela phambili kokutshiswa kwangaphakathi kunye nobuchwepheshe beeseli zepetroli, kunye nokuphuhliswa kweziseko zophuhliso ezisebenzayo, sinokubona ukwanda kokwamkelwa kweenqwelo ze-hydrogen.