Khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wenqwelo-mafutha engakhuphi msi okanye iigesi ezingcolisayo ngoxa ishukuma yaye, endaweni yokusebenzisa ipetroli okanye idizili, isebenzisa ihydrogen njengamafutha. Enkosi kwi iseli yamafutha e-hydrogen ezimotweni, oku akusiyo ingcamango yekamva, kodwa yinyani ekhoyo. Abantu abaninzi bayazibuza ukuba le teknoloji isebenza njani kwaye yintoni na inzuzo yayo, kuba ibekwe njengenye indlela yendalo kumafutha e-fossil.
Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga ngokucokisekileyo ukuba yintoni i-hydrogen fuel cell ezimotweni, isebenza njani, izibonelelo, izinto ezingeloncedo kunye nezinto ezibaluleke ngakumbi ekufuneka uyazi.
Yintoni i-hydrogen fuel cell ezimotweni?
Enyanisweni, a iseli yehydrogen Sisixhobo esiguqula amandla ekhemikhali e-hydrogen abe ngamandla ombane. Ngenkqubo ye-electrochemical, i-hydrogen idityaniswa neoksijini evela emoyeni ukuvelisa umbane, amanzi kunye nobushushu njengemveliso. Lo mbane usetyenziselwa ukunika amandla imotor yombane eqhuba amavili emoto, okukhokelela kwinqwelo-mafutha ekhupha i-zero, ekubeni ingavelisi iigesi ezingcolisayo.
Isixhobo senziwe nge iiseli zomntu ngamnye, nganye inama-electrodes amabini: i-anode kunye ne-cathode, ehlulwe yinto ye-electrolytic. I-Hydrogen ifakwe kwi-anode, ibola kwiiproton kunye nee-electron, kwaye umbane uvelisa umbane ngokudlula kwisiphaluka sangaphandle. Okwangoku, kwi-cathode, iiproton, ii-electron kunye ne-oksijini zidibanisa ukwenza amanzi, ziqinisekisa ukuba i-byproduct kuphela ngumphunga wamanzi. Le nkqubo yenza i-hydrogen fuel cell ibe yindlela enomtsalane wokushukumiseka okuzinzileyo.
Isebenza njani imoto yehydrogen
Imoto yehydrogen, nangona iyimoto yombane, isebenza ngokwahlukileyo kuneemoto zombane zemveli. Umahluko ophambili kukuba kwi iimoto ze-hydrogen zeseli zamafutha, umbane uveliswa kwibhodi yemoto, kunokuba uthembele kwiibhetri ezigcina amandla ngaphambili.
Inkqubo iqala nge-hydrogen egcinwe kuxinzelelo oluphezulu kwiitanki ezikhethekileyo, ezithunyelwa kwiiseli zamafutha. Ngaphakathi kwezi seli, ihydrogen ixutywa neoksijini ukuze ivelise umbane. I-byproduct yale mpendulo ngamanzi, oku kuthetha ukuba imoto inombhobho wokukhupha, kodwa ikhupha kuphela umphunga wamanzi. Umbane oveliswayo usasazwa phakathi kwebhetri kunye nemoto yombane yemoto. Kwezinye iimeko, amandla nawo aphuma kwi-braking yokuvuselela, ehlaziya ibhetri ngelixa imoto iqhuba.
Le teknoloji isebenza kakhulu, kuba iguqula umthamo omkhulu wamandla kumsebenzi oluncedo xa kuthelekiswa neenjini zokutsha zangaphakathi, ukwenza izithuthi ze-hydrogen zibe luhlaza kunye nokhetho olusebenzayo.
Izinto eziluncedo kwiimoto zehydrogen
Los iimoto zehydrogen Babonisa uthotho lwezibonelelo ezibabeka njengokhetho oluthembisayo lwekamva lokushukuma:
- Azikho izinto ezikhutshwayo ezingcolisekileyo: Ngokungavelisi ikharbon diokside okanye ezinye iintlobo zeegesi eziyingozi, yeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo yokunciphisa ungcoliseko ezixekweni nokuba negalelo kumlo ochasene nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
- Ukuzimela okukhulu: Iimoto zeHydrojeni zinokuhamba imigama ukuya kuthi ga kwiikhilomitha ezingama-600 kwitanki enye, ukodlula izithuthi zombane eziqhelekileyo kwiimeko ezininzi.
- Ukuhlawulwa ngokukhawuleza: I-Refueling nge-hydrogen ithatha phakathi kwe-3 kunye ne-5 imizuzu, amaxesha afanayo nalawo emoto evuthayo, okunciphisa ixhala malunga nokutshaja xa kuthelekiswa nezithuthi zombane.
- Ukugcinwa lula: Iinjini zeemoto ze-Hydrogen zifuna ukugcinwa okuncinci kuneenjini zokutsha zangaphakathi, ngenxa yezinto ezincinci ezihambayo kunye nokungabikho kwamafutha e-fossil.
- Ukusebenza ngcono kwiimeko ezinzima: Ngokungafaniyo neemoto zombane, ezinokubona ukusebenza kwazo kuncipha kwiindawo ezibandayo, iimoto ze-hydrogen zigcina ukusebenza okuzinzile kumaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo.
Ukungalungi kunye neengxaki
Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kweenzuzo zayo, itekhnoloji yeeseli ze-hydrogen ijongene nemingeni emininzi ekufuneka yoyiswe ukuze le teknoloji yamkelwe kwinqanaba elikhulu:
- Iindleko eziphezulu ze-hydrogen: Nangona iyeyona nto ininzi kwindalo iphela, i-hydrogen ayifumaneki ngendlela ecocekileyo eMhlabeni. Ukuyifumana yinkqubo ebiza kakhulu kwaye idinga amandla. Eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yi-electrolysis, efuna umthamo omkhulu wamandla, okwenza ukuveliswa kwayo kubize kakhulu.
- Iziseko ezingundoqo ezilinganiselweyo: Kumazwe amaninzi, isiseko sesikhululo se-hydrogen sinomda kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, eSpeyin, kukho abambalwa kuphela (kwizixeko ezifana neHuesca, Seville, Zaragoza kunye neMadrid), emele umqobo omkhulu wokwamkelwa ngobuninzi.
- Ugcino oluntsonkothileyo: I-Hydrogen yirhasi ekhaphukhaphu kakhulu kwaye eguquguqukayo, eyenza ugcino lwayo lubenzima. Ifuna iitanki ezikhethekileyo ezandisa ubunzima besithuthi kunye nobunzima benkqubo.
- Iindleko eziphezulu zezithuthi: Iimoto zeHydrojeni ziyabiza okwangoku, nangona iindleko kulindeleke ukuba zehle njengoko itekhnoloji iguquka kwaye uqoqosho lwesikali lukhula.
Ikamva leemoto zehydrogen
Ngelixa iteknoloji yemoto ye-hydrogen isephantsi kophuhliso, kulindeleke ukuba idlale indima ebalulekileyo kwikamva lokuhamba okuzinzileyo. Ngokukhula kweenkxalabo malunga nokukhutshwa kwe-CO2 kunye nemithetho engqongqo, abavelisi batyala imali ngakumbi nangakumbi kobu buchwepheshe.
Ukongeza, inkqubela ebonakalayo yenziwa ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle kweeseli zepetroli kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokuvelisa i-hydrogen, enokuthi ibe negalelo ekwamkelweni kwayo ngobuninzi kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo. Ngokunyuka kweziseko zophuhliso kunye nenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji, i-hydrogen inokuba yenye yezinto eziphambili ekufezekiseni iinjongo zokushukumiseka kwe-zero emhlabeni jikelele.
Zininzi iibrendi ezibhejayo kobu buchwepheshe, ezifana neToyota, Hyundai kunye neHonda, ezinemifuziselo efana neMirai neNexo, kunye neBMW, eqhubeleka nokuqamba izinto ezintsha kule ndawo. Ezi mpawu sele ziphumeza ukuphuculwa kweenkqubo zabo ze-hydrogen fuel cell, ezifana noluhlu olukhulu kunye neendleko eziphantsi zokuvelisa, ezinokuthi zenze ezi moto zifikeleleke kubantu abaninzi kwixesha elizayo. Nangona iziseko ze-hydrogen zehlabathi zilinganiselwe, kulindeleke ukuba zande kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka ezayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-European Union ibeke iinjongo ezinqwenelekayo zokuveliswa kwe-hydrogen eluhlaza, ephuma kumandla avuselelekayo. Oku kunokunceda ukunciphisa iindleko zala mafutha kunye nokuququzelela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiimoto ze-hydrogen, ukuphumeza zombini ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kunye nokuzimela kumafutha e-fossil. Ukuba le teknoloji iyaqhubeka nokuvela, iimoto ze-hydrogen zinokuncedisana kwaye zigqithise izithuthi zombane kwimiba ethile, njengokuzimela kunye nesantya sokwenza i-refueling.