Ukuqala ishishini kwi ishishini lokuphinda kusetyenziswe isinyithi ibe lelinye lamathuba amakhulu ngaphakathi Uqoqosho olujikelezayoAyizizo nje kuphela iintsimbi eziya zisiba luncedo ngakumbi kwaye zinobuchule, kodwa imodeli yokulahla inkunkuma ifikelela kwimida yayo ngokwendalo, ngokwezoqoqosho, kwanangokwejografi. Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo yonke le nkqubo, ukusuka kwisinyithi esilahliweyo ukuya kwimveliso yokugqibela, kubalulekile ekuchongeni iindawo ezinenzuzo.
Kule meko, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe intsimbi, i-aluminium, ubhedu, nezinye izinyithi, kunye ulawulo lweentsimbi ezilahliweyo zobungcali kunye nokuvela kwamaqonga amakhulu okuthenga nokuthengisa, kwenza inkqubo yeshishini Inomdla kakhulu. Ukususela kumashishini amancinci esinyithi esilahliweyo aqhutywa ziintsapho ukuya kumaqela amakhulu esinyithi, kuquka neemarike ezikwi-intanethi, wonke umntu uthatha inxaxheba kushishino olugcina amandla, olunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya, noluvula imigca emitsha yeshishini enxulumene nenkunkuma yesinyithi nezinye izinto.
Kutheni ukuphinda kusetyenziswe isinyithi kuyishishini elibalulekileyo
Ukufikelela kwi izinto eziluhlaza zeminerali Kuye kwaphawula ukunyuka nokuwa kweekumkani kuyo yonke imbali, kwaye namhlanje kusaqhubeka nokuba yinto ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Ukulawula iidiphozithi zezimbiwa kunye nokuhamba kwesinyithi yenye yezinto eziqhuba imeko-bume yezopolitiko yangoku, apho kuvela khona ukungqubana malunga nokunikezelwa kwezixhobo ezibalulekileyo kushishino nakwitekhnoloji.
Ngaphakathi kwifayile ye- uqoqosho lwesetyhula yokweneneUkuphinda kusetyenziswe isinyithi kuba yinto i-axis ephambiliIvumela ukuncitshiswa kokutsalwa kwemigodi, kunciphisa iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo ezinxulumene nokumbiwa kwemigodi evulekileyo kunye nokucutshungulwa kwezimbiwa, ngelixa kwangaxeshanye kuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa okuzinzileyo kwezixhobo zobuchule kumacandelo afana nokwakha, iimoto, izixhobo ze-elektroniki kunye namandla avuselelekayo.
Ngokwembono yeshishini, ukuphinda usebenzise isinyithi ucinga ukonga amandla kunye noqoqosho Ngokusebenza ngentsimbi elahliweyo endaweni yentsimbi eyomileyo, iindleko zemveliso, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kunye nokukhutshwa kwegesi ezibangela ubushushu ziyancitshiswa, nto leyo ephucula ukukhuphisana kunye nomfanekiso wendalo weenkampani.
Iimodeli zoshishino ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona kwesinyithi
Ngaphakathi kwishishini lokusebenzisa isinyithi kwakhona, kukho iimodeli ezininzi ezifanayo, ezivela kwiinkampani zasekuhlaleni zase ingqokelela yesinyithi esilahliweyo kwanamaqela emizi-mveliso alawula lonke uthotho. ithatha ikhonkco elinye yahlukile kumjikelo wobomi beentsimbi kwaye igxile kwinqanaba elithile lenkqubo.
Umzekelo ocacileyo umelwe ziinkampani ezibonelela iinkonzo ezipheleleyo zokusebenzisa kwakhona Kwinqanaba lengingqi, baqokelela inkunkuma yesinyithi, bayihlele, bayicubungule, baze bayinike izinto zokwenza imveliso kwiindawo zokusekwa kwesinyithi nakwiindawo zokugaya isinyithi. Ezi nkampani zihlala zisebenza ngezithuthi ezininzi, izikhongozeli, iindawo zokugcina izinto, kunye neendawo zonyango ezikwaziyo ukuphatha ubuninzi bezinto.
Kwelinye icala, amaqela amakhulu entsimbi akhethe ukuhlanganiswa okuthe nkqoOko kukuthi, balawula yonke into ukusuka ekubuyiselweni kweentsimbi ezilahliweyo ukuya ekuvelisweni kwentsimbi esetyenzisiweyo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukubonelelwa rhoqo kwesinyithi sesibini, kuphucula iinkqubo zabo zangaphakathi, kwaye kunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwabo kwiintsimbi ezingabonakaliyo kunye neemarike zamazwe ngamazwe eziguquguqukayo.
Kwangaxeshanye, kuye kwavela amaqonga edijithali adibanisa iinkampani ezivelisa inkunkuma yesinyithi kunye abavunyiweyo bokusebenzisa kwakhona kwihlabathi liphela. Ezi marike ze-intanethi zenza kube lula ukuthengwa nokuthengiswa kwesinyithi esilahliweyo, zivumela ukuthelekiswa kwezibonelelo, kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo yokusingqongileyo, zivelisa iimodeli zoshishino ezisekelwe ekudibaneni nasekuphuculweni kwempahla.
Kukwakho namashishini osapho agxile kwi ukuthenga nokuthengisa izinyithi Kwinqanaba lendawo, banamava eminyaka emininzi ekuhloleni, ekuhleleni nasekuxabiseni isinyithi esilahliweyo esivela kubantu ngabanye, kwiindawo zokusebenzela, kumashishini nakwiinkonzo zikamasipala. Ulwazi lwabo lwemarike kunye nolwalamano olusondeleyo nomthengi wokugqibela kubenza babe ngabadlali ababalulekileyo ekuqokeleleni inkunkuma yesinyithi kwindawo.
Iinkonzo zasekuhlaleni zokuphinda kusetyenziswe isinyithi
Kwizixeko ezifana neValencia, iinkampani ezikhethekileyo zibonelela iintlobo ngeentlobo zeenkonzo Iinkonzo zokuphinda kusetyenziswe isinyithi ezenzelwe ukufanela abantu ngabanye kunye neenkampani kumacandelo ahlukeneyo. Injongo kukuqinisekisa ukuba nayiphi na inkunkuma yesinyithi ifumana indawo efanelekileyo ngaphakathi kwekhonkco lexabiso.
Enye yeentsika zalo msebenzi kukuba ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma yesinyithi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ngaphakathi kweendawo zasezidolophini nakwimizi-mveliso. Sithetha ngeentsimbi ezilahliweyo ezahlukeneyo: iintsalela zezakhiwo, iindawo zesinyithi eziphelelwe lixesha, iimveliso ezifikelele esiphelweni sobomi bazo obuluncedo, kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zezinto zesinyithi ezingasafunekiyo kodwa ezisagcina ixabiso.
Ezi nkampani zikulungele ukucubungula zombini iintsimbi ze-ferrous kunye nezingeyo-ferrousNgokwenyani, oku kuthetha ukuphatha intsimbi, intsimbi, i-aluminiyamu, ubhedu, ubhedu, kunye nezinye izinyithi ezininzi ezikhoyo kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Ngenxa yokusika, ukwahlula, kunye nokwahlula izixhobo, phantse naluphi na uhlobo lwesinyithi lunokuphinda lusetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo.
Enye into ephawulekayo kukukwazi ukuyila iinkonzo ezenzelwe amashishiniAmashishini, iinkampani zokwakha, amashishini, kunye neeworkshops zivelisa ukuhamba kwenkunkuma yesinyithi okwahlukileyo kakhulu, ngokubhekiselele kumthamo, ukwakheka, kunye nokuphindaphinda. Iinkampani eziphinda zisetyenziswe zixoxisana ngezisombululo ezenzelwe wena: izikhongozeli ezithile, iindlela zokuqokelela, iinkqubo zokulandelela, kunye namaxwebhu, zonke zilungelelaniswe neemfuno zomthengi ngamnye.
Kwangaxeshanye, ezi nkampani zigxila kakhulu isiqinisekiso sozinzoUkufumana iziqinisekiso kunye neziqinisekiso zokusingqongileyo kubonisa ukuba iinkqubo zakho ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho engqongqo yolawulo lwenkunkuma, ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, into exatyiswa ngakumbi ngabathengi beenkampani kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente xa kunikezelwa ngeekhontrakthi.
Amaqela amakhulu kunye noqoqosho olujikelezayo lwentsimbi
Amaqela amakhulu entsimbi asebenza eYurophu ayaqonda ukuba ukuphinda kusetyenziswe izinyithi, ingakumbi intsimbi, yinto inxalenye ephambili yoqoqosho olujikelezayoYiyo loo nto betyale imali ekudibaniseni iinkampani ezizinikele ekubuyiseni nasekucubunguleni isinyithi esilahliweyo kwisakhiwo sabo kumazwe aliqela.
Intsimbi inenye inzuzo ebalulekileyo: ngenxa yayo iipropati zangaphakathiIngaphinda isetyenziswe izihlandlo ezininzi kakhulu ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ziimpawu zayo ezibalulekileyo. Ngale ndlela, inkunkuma yentsimbi ingaphinda ibuyiselwe kumjikelo wezoqoqosho kwakhona, ibe yinxalenye yeemveliso ezintsha ezifana neebhari, iiprofayili, iibhari, okanye izinto zoshishino.
Ukuphinda usebenzise intsimbi endaweni yokuyivelisa kwi-iron ore kuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi enye Amandla angaphantsi ngama-74%.Oku kufuna izinto eziluhlaza ezingekavuthwa ezingaphantsi ngama-90% kunye namanzi angaphantsi ngama-40%. La manani abonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba kunokwenzeka ukonga izixhobo kunye nempembelelo enciphileyo kwindalo esingqongileyo ebangelwa zizinto ezilahliweyo zentsimbi kwinkqubo yemveliso.
Ukuba khona kulo lonke ixesha ikhonkco lokuphinda kusetyenziswe intsimbiLa maqela alawula iinkampani eziqokelela iziqwenga zentsimbi nezinye izinto kumazwe ahlukeneyo aseYurophu. Iziqwenga ziyahluzwa, ziphathwe, kwaye zilungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa kamva kwizitofu zombane ze-arc kunye nezinye iinkqubo zokwenza intsimbi, ngaloo ndlela kuvala umjiko woqoqosho olujikelezayo lwesinyithi.
Ngaphezu koko, utyalo-mali lwakutshanje lujolise ekwandiseni amanqanaba ukubuyiswa kwezinto Sele bephuhlisa iindlela ezintsha zoshishino ezinxulumene nezinto ezilahliweyo ezifana neplastiki kunye nemithi, ezidla ngokuxutywa nentsimbi elahliweyo. Ukuze bafezekise oku, basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obutsha bokwahlula kunye nokuphinda basebenzise obubavumela ukuba bafumane ixabiso kwizinto ezazisele zigcinwe kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma.
Iinkonzo eziphambili: ukudilizwa kwezithuthi, unyango kunye nokukrazulwa kwazo
Phakathi kweenkonzo eziphambili ezinxulumene nokurisayikilisha isinyithi, ezi zilandelayo zivelele: ukudilizwa kwezakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo. Ezinye iinkampani zigxile ekudilizweni kwezakhiwo zoshishino, izakhiwo, iziseko zophuhliso zesinyithi, kunye nemisebenzi yoololiwe kunye neechweba, zilawula lonke umjikelo wokudilizwa.
Kule projekthi, iqela lobuchwephesha liphuhlisa isicwangciso somsebenzi esineenkcukacha Isicwangciso senzelwe iimpawu zempahla eza kudilizwa: uhlobo lolwakhiwo, indawo, umngcipheko, ubungakanani bezinto zokwakha, njl. Sichaza izixhobo zoomatshini ezifunekayo (oomatshini abanzima, iisheya, iikreyini) kunye nabasebenzi abakhethekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wenziwa ngokhuseleko oluphezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.
Ngaxeshanye, umsebenzi we ukuqokelelwa kunye nokucutshungulwa kwezinto ezilahliweyo zentsimbiEzi zakhiwo zenzelwe ukufumana izixa ezikhulu zeentsimbi ezilahliweyo ezivela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo: iimoto eziphelayo, izixhobo zasekhaya, iitini, izakhiwo ezindala, izakhiwo zesinyithi eziphelelwe lixesha, kunye nezithintelo ezivela kwiinkqubo zoshishino.
Omnye umgca weshishini onxulumeneyo ngu ukuqokelelwa kwezithuthi kunye nokucinywa kwazoEzi nkampani zinokusingatha ukususwa kwezithuthi eziphelayo kwaye zilawule ukulahlwa kwazo, kuquka nenkqubo yolawulo yokurhoxiswa kobhaliso. Zonke izinto ezisetyenziswayo ziyafunyanwa kwisithuthi, kuquka neentsimbi zentsimbi kunye nezingeyontsimbi, ezithunyelwa ukuze ziphinde zisetyenziswe.
Kukwabonelelwa ngenkonzo ekhethekileyo ukuqokelelwa kunye nonyango lweentsimbi ezingezizo ezomileyoOku kufezekiswa kusetyenziswa izityalo zokugcina nokwahlula, iinkqubo zokwahlula i-induction, izixhobo zokudada isinyithi, izixhobo zokwahlula i-blow, ii-blade mills, ii-shear ezinkulu, kunye neendawo zokwahlula ngesandla. Injongo kukufumana iinxalenye zesinyithi ezingenayo i-ferrous zomgangatho ofunekayo kwiinkampani ezisungula izinto kunye nabaphinda bazisebenzise kwiinkqubo zabo zemveliso.
Umzekelo wendawo: ishishini lokusebenza ngesinyithi eliqhutywa lusapho eMallorca
Ishishini lokuphinda kusetyenziswe isinyithi nalo linendima ebalulekileyo kakhulu zasekuhlaleni nezikufutshaneOku kubonakaliswa ngamashishini aphethwe ziintsapho anamava eminyaka emininzi kwiindawo zesiqithi okanye kwiindawo ezithile. Umzekelo, eMallorca, iinkampani zolu hlobo ziye zazibonakalisa njengeziphambili ekuthengeni nasekuthengiseni izinyithi kunye neentsimbi ezilahliweyo.
Ezi nkampani zigxininisa ukubaluleka kokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwesinyithi ukuvelisa iimpahla ezintsha ngaphandle kokuphelisa izixhobo zendalo. Umzekelo ocacileyo yintsimbi: imveliso yayo yendabuko ixhomekeke kwisinyithi esikhutshwa ngemigodi, enempembelelo enkulu kwindalo esingqongileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenzisa isinyithi esilahliweyo njengesiseko kunciphisa kakhulu imfuneko yokwemba.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba ukuphinda kusetyenziswe isinyithi esilahliweyo ukuze kwenziwe intsimbi kunokumela ukonga ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80% kwixabiso lemveliso ngetoni nganye. Ukongeza ekongeni koqoqosho, oku kuquka ukwehla okukhulu kokukhutshwa kwe-CO2 kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla, into ebaluleke kakhulu kwimeko yengxaki yemozulu kunye namaxabiso aphezulu amandla.
Imihla ngemihla, ezi nkampani zithenga kwaye ziphinde zisebenzise uluhlu olubanzi lweesinyithiI-aluminium, ithusi, ithusi, ilothe, intsimbi, nezinye ezininzi. Ukuze benze oku, batyala imali kwizithuthi ezikhethekileyo, oomatshini bokulayisha nokusika, kunye neekhonteyina ezifanelekileyo, nto leyo ebavumela ukuba bakhonze abantu ngabanye kunye neenkampani kumacandelo ahlukeneyo, ukusuka kulwakhiwo ukuya kwiindwendwe.
Umsebenzi wabo uhlala ugxile kwiindawo zoshishino ezinxibelelene kakuhle, apho baneendawo zokusebenzela ukuhlela nokubuyisela inkunkuma yesinyithibayinika ubomi besibini. Ngaphezu koko, bazama ukubonelela ngamaxabiso okuthenga akhuphisanayo, ahlaziywe ngokwexabiso lemarike lesinyithi, ukuze umthengi afumane imbuyekezo efanelekileyo ngenkunkuma ayinikezelayo.
Iimarike ezikwi-intanethi: urhwebo olukhulu lwesinyithi esilahliweyo
Kwicandelo leenkampani ezinkulu, iinkampani ezivelisa inkunkuma yesinyithi eninzi Bafuna izisombululo ezisebenzayo nezingabizi kakhulu. Kulapho ke iimarike ezikwi-intanethi ezigxile ekudibaniseni iijenereyitha zesinyithi ezilahliweyo kunye nee-recyclers kwihlabathi liphela zisebenza khona.
La maqonga avumela iinkampani ukuba zifikelele kwi inethiwekhi yehlabathi yabaphinda basebenzise isinyithi Iqinisekisiwe kwaye ivunyiwe. Ngewebhusayithi, kunokwenzeka ukucela izibonelelo, ukuthelekisa iikowuteshini kunye nokukhetha ukhetho olufanela iimfuno zakho ngokwexabiso, umgangatho wenkonzo kunye neemeko zothutho, ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kuphela kubantu oqhagamshelana nabo basekuhlaleni.
Enye inzuzo kukuba bayayinyamekela into yokuqinisekisa ukuba ukuthobela imithetho yokusingqongileyo kunye nemigaqo yempilo nokhuseleko. Eli qonga livelisa amaxwebhu afunekayo okuthobela imithetho kwaye liququzelela ukuthuthwa kwenkunkuma, lisusa imiqobo edla ngokuthintela iinkampani ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona ngokuchanekileyo.
Isiphumo kukuba imilambo yenkunkuma yesinyithi inokuba imithombo yengeniso ngendlela elula neyongamela okusingqongileyo. Iinkampani ezivelisa isinyithi esilahliweyo ngomlinganiselo omkhulu zifumana ixabiso elingcono lesinyithi sazo, zenze lula ulawulo lwazo lwenkunkuma, kwaye ziqinise umgaqo-nkqubo wazo woxanduva loluntu kwinkampani.
Ezi marike ze-intanethi ngoko ke zizibeka njenge isisombululo esingabizi kakhulu nesiguquguqukayo Oku kulungele nayiphi na inkampani efuna iinkonzo zokuphinda kusetyenziswe isinyithi ngobuninzi. Kwangaxeshanye, kwandisa ukufikelela kweshishini labathengisi, kubavumela ukuba bafikelele kubathengi kwamanye amazwe kwaye basebenzise kakuhle amandla abo okucubungula.
Izinto ezichaphazela ixabiso lesinyithi esilahliweyo
Ixabiso elihlawulelwayo lesinyithi esilahliweyo lixhomekeke kwi izinto ezininzi La maxabiso anokutshintsha kwiintsuku okanye iiveki ezimbalwa. Asekelwe kumaxabiso eesinyithi zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana nobhedu, i-aluminium, kunye nentsimbi, ezitshintshatshintsha ngokweemeko zemarike yehlabathi.
Iziganeko zopolitiko ezifanelekileyo, ezifana iingxabano ezixhobileyo okanye izohlwayo zoqoqoshoEzi zinto zinokutshintsha ukubonelelwa kweentsimbi ezithile kwaye zibangele ukuba amaxabiso azo anyuke okanye ehle. Ngokufanayo, utshintsho kwixabiso leoyile nezinye izinto ezikrwada luchaphazela iindleko zemveliso nezothutho, nto leyo echaphazela ixabiso lokugqibela lesinyithi esilahliweyo.
Ulwalamano oluqhelekileyo phakathi ukubonelela kunye nemfuno Ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo. Umzekelo, ukunyuka ngequbuliso kwemfuno yentsimbi kwicandelo lokwakha, okubangelwa yisicwangciso esikhulu seziseko zophuhliso okanye sezindlu esikhuthazwa ngurhulumente, kudla ngokuphakamisa ixabiso lentsimbi entsha kunye nentsimbi elahliweyo eyondlayo.
Umgangatho wesinyithi esilahliweyo yenye into ebalulekileyo: iibhetshi ezine ipesenti ephezulu yesinyithi esicocekileyo Iintsimbi ezinokungcola okuncinci zithanda ukufumana amaxabiso aphezulu. Abaphinda bazisebenzise bajonga imeko yesinyithi (nokuba sicocekile okanye sixutywe nezinye izinto), ubunzima baso bonke, kunye nomthamo webhetshi nganye xa besenza izicelo zabo.
Kule meko, iinkampani ezivelisa isinyithi esilahliweyo zinendawo yokuzilungisa. phucula ixabiso abazifumanayo. Ukwahlula ngokuchanekileyo iintlobo zesinyithi, ukuphepha ungcoliseko olungeyomfuneko, kunye nokubeka esweni ngokusondeleyo ukunikezelwa kunye nemfuno ziindlela ezinceda ekuxoxisaneni ngezivumelwano ezingcono nabathengisi bezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo.
I-Aluminiyam: ukonga amandla kunye nenzuzo ephezulu
I-aluminium ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wendlela Ukuphinda usebenzise izinto ngokutsha kunokutshintsha imithetho yomdlalo kwimarike yesinyithi. Ukuvelisa i-aluminium yokuqala kwizinto eziluhlaza ezingekavulwa yinkqubo edinga amandla amaninzi kunye nezixhobo ezininzi, enezigaba ezininzi ezinzima.
Okokuqala, kuya kufuneka ukhuphe i-bauxite ngokusebenzisa ukumbiwa kwemigodi Eli litye lidla ngokumbiwa kwimingxunya evulekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezishushu. Emva koko lidlula kwinkqubo yeBayer, equka ukulinyanga nge-caustic soda kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu ukuze kufunyanwe i-alumina (i-aluminium oxide). Okokugqibela, i-aluminium yesinyithi yahlulwa kwi-oxide nge-electrolysis kwiiseli ezine-cryolite enyibilikisiweyo.
Ukufumana itoni enye i-aluminium ephambili Ifuna ukusetyenziswa kwamandla malunga ne-15 megawatt-hours, okulingana nokusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla kwamawaka ezindlu. Ngaphezu koko, ivelisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ezichaphazela ngqo nezingathanga ngqo kwe-greenhouse gases malunga ne-15 yeetoni ze-CO2 equivalent ngetoni nganye ye-aluminium eveliswayo.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuvelisa ubungakanani obufanayo be-aluminium ukusuka i-aluminiyam ehlaziyiweyo Inciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokukhutshwa komoya. Isenzo esilula, esifana nokurisayikilisha iitini ze-aluminium ezili-10, sinokuthintela ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 equivalent equivalent emalunga ne-1,5 kg, nto leyo ebonisa impembelelo eqokelelweyo yokurisayikilisha komoya ngobuninzi kwesi sinyithi.
Ngokwembono yezoqoqosho, ukuphinda usebenzise i-aluminium kunenzuzo enkulu. Ngexabiso lokuthengisa elimalunga netoni enye ye-aluminium... 2.200 euroInzuzo ye-aluminiyam ephinde yasetyenziswa inokuba ngcono ngokuphindwe kathathu ukuya kahlanu kune-aluminiyam yokuqala, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe lishishini elinomtsalane kakhulu.
I-Copper: isinyithi esinembali nesithandwa kakhulu
Ubhedu lube isinyithi esigqibeleleyo kwimbali yempucuko. Yenye yeentsimbi zokuqala ezaqala ukusetyenziswa, kwaye ingxubevange yayo ene-tin yabangela iXesha leBronze, nto leyo eyayiphawula inqanaba eliphambili lobuchwepheshe kuluntu kwizixhobo, izixhobo kunye nezinto zemihla ngemihla.
Ngexesha loBukhosi baseRoma, ubhedu lwalusetyenziswa kakhulu: lwalusetyenziselwa iingqekembe zemintYayisenza imibhobho yeenkqubo zamanzi kwaye yavelisa izixhobo kunye nezixhobo zomkhosi. Ngokufika koshishino lwentsimbi, udumo lwayo lwancipha, kodwa yaphinda yafumana ukubaluleka kwakhona kwinkulungwane yama-20.
Ukuveliswa kukaMichael Faraday kwejenereyitha yombane kwakhona kwabeka ubhedu phakathi kwabantu ababalaseleyo izinyithi zeqhingaNgenxa yokuqhuba kwayo kakuhle kombane, ngoku ibalulekile ekufakelweni kombane, kwiintambo zokuhambisa umbane, kwiimoto, kwizinto ze-elektroniki, kwaye ngokubanzi, phantse kuyo yonke into enxulumene nombane.
Ixabiso layo kwezoqoqosho liphezulu: kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe zekamva, ixabiso lekopolo liphantse libe iidola ezininzi ngeponti (ngaphantsi kancinci kwesiqingatha sekhilogram). Eli nqanaba lexabiso lichaza isizathu sokuba iindaba malunga nokubiwa kweentambo zobhedu zixhaphake kakhulu, ingakumbi kwimigca kaloliwe nakwezinye iziseko zophuhliso.
Kukho iinkqubo ezimbini eziphambili zokukhupha i-copper: umgodi womgodi ovulekileyo kunye nokwembiwa komhlaba. Zombini zinempembelelo enkulu kwindalo esingqongileyo, ukusuka ekutshintsheni komhlaba ukuya ekudalweni kwenkunkuma yemigodi kunye nongcoliseko lwamanzi. Ke ngoko, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe ubhedu kuthathwa njengomzekelo ocacileyo wokuzinza, njengoko kuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwayo okungapheliyo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngumgangatho.
Iingenelo zokusetyenziswa kwakhona kobhedu kwindalo nakwimandla
Ngokwembono yokusingqongileyo, ukuphinda usebenzise ithusi kubandakanya ukusebenzisa phakathi kwento enye Amandla angaphantsi ngama-70% kunye nama-95% kunokuba kwakufuneka ukuyikhupha nokuyicubungula kwi-ore. Lo mahluko mkhulu uguqulela ngqo kwi-carbon footprint encinci kakhulu kwikhilogram nganye yobhedu oluveliswe kwizinto ezilahliweyo.
Izifundo zibonisa ukuba ukuvelisa ithusi eliphinde lasetyenziswa kunokuvelisa unyawo oluphakathi 0,3 kunye ne-0,5 kg ye-CO2 elinganayo ngekhilogram yobhedu, ngelixa ubhedu olufunyenwe ngokumba luphakathi kwe-4 ukuya kwi-5 kg ​​ye-CO2 equivalent ngekhilogram, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lokusetyenziswa kunye nobuchwepheshe obusetyenzisiweyo.
Kwindawo yasekhaya, intsalela yobhedu ifumaneka iingcingo ezindala, imibhobho yepayipi nakwizixhobo ezininzi zasekhaya ezingasebenziyo. Ukuphinda usebenzise ezi zinto kulula njengokuziqhekeza, ukuzihlulahlula kakuhle, nokuzithatha uziyise kwiziko eligunyazisiweyo ukuze ziphinde zisetyenziswe.
Kwinkampani, ubhedu olukhoyo kufakelo lombane, iimoto, okanye oomatshini abaphelelwe lixesha nalo lukwangumthombo umthombo onokubakho wengenisoEndaweni yokuba iqokeleleke njengenkunkuma engenamsebenzi, ingathengiswa kubantu abakhethekileyo abayisebenzisa kwakhona abaya kuyibuyisela kumjikelo wemveliso.
Xa zidityanisiwe iingenelo zoqoqosho nezokusingqongileyo, ubhedu olusetyenzisiweyo luvela njengenye yeenzuzo izinto ezinomdla kakhulu ngaphakathi kwishishini lokuphinda kusetyenziswe isinyithi, kunye nemfuno enkulu kunye negalelo elicacileyo ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa komoya kunye nokonga amandla.
Izinto ezingaqhelekanga zomhlaba kunye neentsimbi ezibalulekileyo: umngeni omkhulu olandelayo
Ngaphandle kweentsimbi zemveli, ikamva leshishini lokuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto lixhomekeke ekusombululeni umngeni wezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Ezi ziquka ii-lanthanides ezili-15, kunye ne-scandium kunye ne-yttrium, izinto ezisisiseko kushishino lwanamhlanje.
Ezi nxalenye zisetyenziswa kwi iteknoloji yelaser, iilensi zeteleskopuiibhayisekile kunye izithuthi zombaneI-fiber optics, izikrini, iinkqubo zokhuselo, imijukujelwa, kunye nezixhobo zonyango ezifana ne-nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Ngamanye amazwi, zibalulekile kumacandelo aphambili kunye notshintsho lwamandla.
Zibizwa ngokuba zii-rare earths kuba zafunyanwa ekuqaleni iiminerali ezingaqhelekanga phantsi komhlaba, nangona ingxaki ekhoyo ngoku ingekuko ukunqongophala kwazo kodwa kukufikelela kwiidiphozithi. Amanye amazwe aphethe uninzi lwezo zigcini, kwaye kwimeko yeTshayina, kuqikelelwa ukuba ilawula malunga ne-37% yezo zigcini zehlabathi zezi zinto.
Ukuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba emva kokuphela kwexesha lokusetyenziswa kweemveliso ze-elektroniki kunye nezinye izixhobo yingxaki edlula iinkalo zokusingqongileyo kunye noqoqosho: iye yaba yingxaki enkulu. ingxaki yezopolitikokuba iindawo ezifana neManyano yaseYurophu zixhomekeke kakhulu ekuthengeni impahla kwamanye amazwe ukuze zibonelele ngemveliso yazo.
Okwangoku malunga nenye kuphela Ama-1% ezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba Izinto ezikhoyo kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki ziyaphinda zisetyenziswe. Le nyaniso ityhila umceli mngeni omkhulu kubuchule bokuyila ubuchwepheshe kunye noyilo lwemveliso, ekufuneka kube lula ukuphinda kusetyenziswe kwakhona kunye nokukhutshelwa kunye nokuphinde kusetyenziswe ezi zinto ekupheleni kobomi bazo obuluncedo, ukuba sifuna ukuya kwimodeli ejikelezayo ngokwenene.
Iindlela ezilungileyo zokufumana ixabiso elingakumbi ngokurisayikilisha
Iinkampani ezivelisa inkunkuma yesinyithi zinendawo yokufaka isicelo iinkqubo ezilungileyo ezithi ziphucule ixabiso ezilifumanayo ngokuthengisa iingceba zabo zesinyithi ngelixa ngaxeshanye zinciphisa impembelelo yazo kwindalo esingqongileyo. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kukwahlula ngokufanelekileyo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zesinyithi kwindawo ezikuyo.
Xa iintsimbi zentsimbi nezingeyontsimbi zixutywe, okanye zidityaniswe neeplastiki, umthi, kunye nenye inkunkuma, umngcipheko wosulelo yebhetshi kwaye yehlisa ixabiso layo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuba zihlelwe ukususela ekuqaleni zibe zizikhongozeli ezahlukeneyo, kulula ukuba umntu ophinda azisebenzise azicubungule aze anike ixabiso elingcono kwiqhezu ngalinye.
Kukwacetyiswa ukuba wazi, ubuncinane ngokubanzi, ukuba uphuhliso lokubonelela kunye nemfuno zesinyithi eziphambili eziveliswa yimisebenzi yenkampani. Ukuqaphela imijikelo yemarike kunceda ekuxoxisaneni ngamaxabiso, ukukhetha ixesha elifanelekileyo lokuthengisa, kunye nokuphepha ukuthengisa iindawo ezinexabiso eliphezulu ngelahleko ngamaxesha amaxabiso aphantsi.
Enye into ebalulekileyo kukukhetha umlungisi wezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo ovunyiweyo nothembekileyoUkusebenza neenkampani eziqinisekisiweyo, ezifana nezo ziyinxalenye yeemarike ezikhethekileyo okanye ezo zineziqinisekiso zokusingqongileyo nomgangatho, kuqinisekisa ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwenkunkuma kunye nokucaca okukhulu kwamaxabiso.
Ngokwamkela la manyathelo, iinkampani aziphuculi nje kuphela umvuzo wazo, kodwa zikwanegalelo ukwakha imodeli yemveliso ezinzileyo ngakumbiUkulungisa, ukusebenzisa kwakhona kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto ezisisiseko kuba yindlela esebenzayo yokuxhasa uqoqosho olujikelezayo kunye nokuphendula kwiimfuno ezikhulayo zokusingqongileyo zabathengi, abatyali-mali kunye noorhulumente.
Lonke olu nxibelelwano lwabadlali, ubuchwepheshe, kunye neemodeli zoshishino lubonisa ukuba ukuphinda kusetyenziswe isinyithi akusekho ngumsebenzi olula wolawulo lwenkunkuma kwaye kube icandelo leqhinga elinamandla amakhulu enzuzoUkususela kwisinyithi esilahliweyo kwindawo encinci yokusebenzela ukuya kwinkunkuma enzima evela kushishino lwe-elektroniki, ikhilogram nganye yesinyithi esifunyenweyo isisondeza kancinci kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho ekwaziyo ukugcina ixabiso lezinto ngaphakathi komjikelo wemveliso ixesha elide kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
