Owayesakuba yibhanki yoluntu yaseJamani iWestLB liqumrhu lamva nje lokumangalela uBukumkani baseSpain phambi kwe ICiadi (Iziko laMazwe ngaMazwe lokuHlaliswa kweeNgxwabangxwaba zoTyalo-mali) ngokumalunga nokucuthwa komvuzo wamandla avuselelweyo abekwe nguRhulumente weQela elidumileyo (PP). Lo mlamlo udibanisa uluhlu lweengxabano ezifanayo, ezipheleleyo, sele zigqithise amatyala angamashumi amathathu ngamazwe ngamazwe, ngenxa yokungaqiniseki okubangelwa utshintsho kwimigaqo-nkqubo yamandla yaseSpain.
Ngeli tyala, sele kukho iimbambano ezingaphezu kwe-30 ezichasene nelizwe lethu kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo yamazwe ngamazwe. Kwezi, enye inikwe phambi kwe-Uncitral (iKomishoni yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yoMthetho woRhwebo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe), ezintathu phambi kweArbitration Institute yeStockholm Chamber of Commerce, kunye ne-28 phambi kwe-ICSID ngokwayo, phantsi kokhuseleko lweBhanki yehlabathi. La matyala abonisa ukuxhatshazwa kwezomthetho okukhulayo phakathi kwabatyalo-mali bamazwe ngamazwe kunye ne-State State yaseSpain, emva kweenguqu ezinzulu kwicandelo lombane olwenziwa ngokukodwa kwi-2012 kunye ne-2013.
Ukusukela kwityala lokuqala elichasene nohlaziyo lwecandelo lamandla elasungulwa ngurhulumente kaRodríguez Zapatero - kwiminyaka emithandathu eyadlulayo - kude kube namhlanje, iSpain ikwazile ukusombulula iimbambano ezintathu kuphela. Kwezi, ezimbini zasonjululwa eStockholm, kwaneziphumo ezincumisayo kuRhulumente. Nangona kunjalo, esona sigqibo samva nje se-ICSID sasithandeka kubatyali-mali bengxowa-mali yaseBritane i-Eiser, isibetho esibalulekileyo kwingxowa yoluntu yaseSpain, eyalelwe ukuba ihlawule i-128 yezigidi ze-euro kwimbuyekezo.
Eli tyala libeka umzekelo ophambili kwinkundla yolamlo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ekubeni, ngokutsho kwenkundla ye-ICSID, ukucuthwa okwenziwe yiSpain konakalise kakhulu inzuzo yotyalo-mali luka-Eiser kwizityalo ezininzi zelanga ezishushu ezikumazantsi elizwe.
Icandelo elikwingxaki: ukusika ngaphandle kwembuyekezo
UMiguel Ángel Martínez-Aroca, umongameli we-Anpier (uMbutho weSizwe we-Photovoltaic Energy Producers), uye wagxininisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba kukho ukungafani okuphawulekayo phakathi kwamabhaso akhutshwe e-Stockholm kunye ne-award ye-ICSID. Ngelixa amatyala eStockholm ajongana nohlaziyo oluvunyiweyo ngurhulumente waseZapatero, ulamlo lwe-ICSID lugxile kuhlaziyo lwamandla eQela elidumileyo.
Lo mahluko ubalulekile kuba, ngokukaMartínez-Aroca, uRhulumente waseZapatero ubuyekeze abatyali-mali ngeminyaka emihlanu eyongezelelweyo yomvuzo, ovelise imbuyekezo engaphezulu kunoko kuncitshisiwe. Nangona kunjalo, ulawulo lukaMariano Rajoy aluzange lunikeze nayiphi na imbuyekezo, nangona kuncitshiswe kakhulu kwimali enikezelweyo kutyalo-mali kwizinto ezihlaziyiweyo, ezithe zavelisa i-avalanche yezikhalazo ezivela kwaba batyali-mali.
Oku kungoneliseki kubonisa ingxaki enkulu: ISpain iye yaba lelinye lamazwe amathathu ehlabathi anezona mfuno ziphezulu kubatyali-mali bamazwe ngamazwe, ikakhulu ezinxulumene nokucuthwa kwamandla avuselelekayo. Ngokoqikelelo, ubunzima bezoqoqosho bala matyala bunokuba ngaphezulu kwe-7.000 yezigidi zee-euro ukuba abatyali-mali banyanisile ekugqibeleni kulamlo olusamisiweyo.
Kwelakhe icala, u-Álvaro Nadal, owayesakuba nguMphathiswa wezaMandla, uKhenketho kunye ne-Digital Agenda, ukucuthile ukubaluleka kwezi mfuno, esithi imbuyekezo iya kuhlala iphantsi kunokonga olwenziwa luhlaziyo oluphikisanayo lwenkqubo yombane. umthombo wayo yonke le ngxabano.
Emva kokukhutshwa kwesigwebo se-ICSID esixhasa u-Eiser, uRhulumente uvume umthetho ovumela i-surplus yenkqubo yombane, eyayiqokelele i-1.130 yezigidi zee-euro ukususela ngo-2014, ukuba isetyenziswe ukuhlawula izohlwayo ezibangelwa yi-arbitrations, kuquka nezizayo. . Esi sigqibo sivelise ukungonwabi okutsha ngaphakathi kwicandelo elinokuhlaziywa, elibona ukuba le ntsalela, ebekufanele ukuba isetyenziswe ukuphucula uzinzo lwenkqubo, ngoku isetyenziselwa ukuhlawula imbuyekezo kubatyali-zimali bamazwe angaphandle.
Abatyali-zimali baseSpain abakhuselekanga
Enye yezona zinto ziphambanisayo kule meko kukunqongophala kokhuseleko apho abatyali-mali belizwe bazifumana bekuko. Ngelixa abatyali-zimali bamazwe ngamazwe bekwazile ukubhenela kwiinkundla zolamlo, abatyali-zimali baseSpain banqunyelwe ukubhenela kwiNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo, zombini zivumelana noRhulumente xa kufikwa kunqunyulwa. Oku kuvelise imvakalelo yemigangatho ephindwe kabini, ekubeni abatyali-mali bamazwe angaphandle, ngokufikelela kwiinkundla ezifana ne-ICSID, bafumene imbuyekezo abantu baseSpain abangenako ukuyifumana.
Kulo mxholo, iqela labatyalo-mali baseSpain banikezela ityala labo ku-Ombudsman, owacebisa ukuba uRhulumente athathe amanyathelo okuqinisekisa ukuba abatyali-mali belizwe abazange baphathwe kakubi kunabo bangaphandle phantsi kweSivumelwano se-Energy Charter esiye saba yinkqubo yokulawula esetyenziswa ngamazwe ngamazwe abatyali-mali baveze amabango abo.
I-Ombudsman ayizange icele unyango olulinganayo kuphela, kodwa iphinde ikhuthaze uRhulumente ukuba aseke iindlela zokuhlawula idini "elikhethekileyo" eliye labangelwa utshintsho lwentlawulo kubatyalo-mali belizwe. Nangona kunjalo, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho manyathelo aphunyeziweyo okunciphisa le meko.
Ulamlo lwamazwe ngamazwe: iinkqubo ezinde nezixabisayo
Ulamlo lwamazwe ngamazwe olujikeleze ukusikwa okunokuhlaziywa ayizonkqubo ezintsonkothileyo kuphela, kodwa zikwacotha kakhulu. Kumatyala anxulumene neSpain, i-ICSID inike iinkundla zamatyala angama-27 kwezingama-28 zolamlo ezithiwe thaca, ngalinye liqulunqwe ngumongameli kunye nabalamli ababini abakhethwe ngamaqela omabini. Ezi nkqubo azizide nje kuphela ngexesha, kodwa zikwabiza neendleko zelizwe elimangalelwayo. Umzekelo, ulamlo olwagweba iSpain ngokuthanda u-Eiser lubandakanya iindleko ezisondele kwi-900.000 euros.
Ezi ndleko azikhawulelwanga kwimbuyekezo ekufuneka i-Spain ihlawule ukuba ilahlekelwa ngamatyala, kodwa ibandakanya iintlawulo zabalamli kunye nabasebenzi abanxulumeneyo, okwandisa iindleko ezipheleleyo zenkqubo yolamlo ngalunye. Njengoko kusafuneka kusonjululwe izilamlo ezingaphezu kwama-20, impembelelo yezemali yala matyala inokuba yingozi kakhulu ukuba uninzi alumthandi uRhulumente.
Isishwankathelo, iSpain ijongene nemeko enzima kwintsimi yolamlo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-7.000 ezisemngciphekweni kunye nemithetho emininzi nangakumbi echasene nayo, uRhulumente kuya kufuneka aphinde ayiqwalasele indlela yakhe yamandla avuselelekayo kunye nembuyekezo. Uxinzelelo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokungabikho kweendlela ezaneleyo zokukhusela abatyali-zimali besizwe kuvelisa isithintelo esinokuba nefuthe elibonakalayo kwezoqoqosho kwixesha eliphakathi nelide.