Los izinto zokuqhuba kunye nezokugquma Zibalulekile kwintsimi yobunjineli bombane, njengoko zichaza indlela umbane ohamba ngayo kwizinto. Ezi mathiriyeli zihlelwa ngokwesakhono sazo sokuqhuba umbane, kwaye olo kuhlelwa lubalulekile kumashishini ahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwimveliso yezixhobo zombane ukuya kwisiseko segridi yombane. Kulo lonke eli nqaku, siza kuphonononga iimpawu eziphambili ze-conductive, insulating, semiconductor kunye ne-superconducting materials, ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda kakuhle indlela esebenza ngayo kunye nendlela esetyenziswa ngayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla.
Ziziphi izinto zokuqhuba kunye nezokugquma?
Iimathiriyeli zahlulwe ikakhulu ngamacandelo amabini: abaqhubi y ii-insulators. Umahluko ophambili phakathi kwezi zimbini kukukwazi kwabo ukuvumela okanye ukuvimba ukudlula kombane. Kwii-conductors, ii-electron zihamba ngokulula, zivumela umbane ukuba uhambe ngaphandle kokuxhathisa okukhulu. Endaweni yoko, ii-insulators zithintela ii-electron ukuba zihambe ngokukhululekileyo, zithintela ngokufanelekileyo ukuhamba kombane.
Indlela yokuziphatha kwe ii-electron ze-valence kwiiathom koko kuchaza ukuqhutywa kwezinto. Ezi electron zangaphandle ze-athomu zinokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kwizinto eziqhubayo, ngaloo ndlela ziququzelela ukuhamba kwangoku. Kwi-insulators, nangona kunjalo, ezi electron ziboshwe ngokuqinileyo kwii-athomu, kwaye ngoko azikwazi ukuhamba, oku kuthetha ukuba ezi zixhobo aziqhubeki umbane ngokufanelekileyo.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuba ezinye izixhobo, ngokuqhelekileyo i-insulators, zinokutshintsha ukuziphatha kwazo phantsi kweemeko ezithile, njengaxa zifakwe ukungcola okanye xa zitshintshwe ngemichiza. Umzekelo, amanzi acocekileyo akawubambi umbane, kodwa ukuba songeza ityuwa, iba yi-conductor esebenzayo ngokubonga kwi-ion ezikhoyo.
Izinto zokuqhuba
Los izinto zokuqhuba Zezo zivumela ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kwee-electron phakathi kwe-athomu yazo. Xa intlawulo yombane isetyenziswe kwizinto eziqhubayo, ii-electron zisasazeka ngokukhawuleza kuwo wonke umhlaba. Abona baqhubi badla ngokuba ziintsimbi, kuba ii-electron zabo ze-valence zibotshelelwe ngokukhululekileyo kwinucleus ye-athomu kwaye zinokuhamba ngokulula.
Umzekelo obalaseleyo wale nto yobhedu, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizicelo zombane ngenxa yexabiso eliphantsi kunye ne-conductivity ephezulu. Ezinye izinto zokuqhuba ezaziwayo ziyisilivere, igolide kunye ne-aluminium, nangona ingezizo zonke ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ngenxa yeendleko zabo eziphezulu okanye ubunzima bokusetyenziswa.
Enyanisweni, izinto zokuqhuba ziyimfuneko ekuhanjisweni kombane kuzo zonke iintlobo zezicelo, ukusuka kwizixhobo ezincinci zombane ukuya kumanethiwekhi amakhulu ombane. Ngaphandle kwabo, bekungenakwenzeka ukuphuhlisa uluntu lwethu njengoko silwazi namhlanje.
izixhobo zesemiconductor
Los semiconductors Zizinto ezinezinto eziphakathi phakathi kwee-conductor kunye ne-insulators. Ukukwazi kwayo ukuqhuba umbane kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, ezifana nobushushu, umbane kunye nemagnethi, okanye uxinzelelo. Kwimeko yabo ecocekileyo, ii-semiconductors azikho abaqhubi abalungileyo kakhulu; Nangona kunjalo, xa ukungcola okuthile kongezwa kubo kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-doping, banokuziphatha kakuhle kakhulu njengababhexeshi.
Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kunye nesetyenzisiweyo semiconductor imathiriyeli Isilicon, esisiseko sezinto ezininzi zombane zanamhlanje, ukusuka kwi-transistors ukuya kwi-microprocessors. Enye i-semiconductor ebaluleke kakhulu yi igermanium, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunqabile ngenxa yokuba ayisebenzi kakuhle njenge-silicon kwizicelo ezininzi ezisebenzayo.
I-semiconductors inamandla okulawula ukuhamba kombane ngokuchanekileyo, okwenza kube yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwezixhobo zombane. Ukukwazi kwabo ukwenza njengabaqhubi kunye ne-insulators, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko, baye bavumela ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwizixhobo ezifana ne-diodes kunye ne-transistors.
izixhobo superconducting
Los ukuqhuba Zizinto ezithi, xa zipholile ukuya kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi kakhulu (kufutshane no-zero ngokupheleleyo), zinokuqhuba umbane ngaphandle kokunikezela ngoxhathiso. Oku kuthetha ukuba, kuloo meko, i-superconducting material inokudlulisa umbane ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kwamandla, into ekhangayo.
Esi siphumo senzeka xa impahla ifikelela kwifowuni yayo ubushushu obubalulekileyo. Ukususela kuloo mzuzu ukuya phambili, ukuxhathisa kwezinto eziphathekayo kuncitshiswe kwi-zero, kwaye kunokugcina umbane wombane ngokungapheliyo ngaphandle kokufuna umthombo ongezelelweyo wamandla. I-Superconductors sele isetyenziswe kwizicelo ezinqamlekileyo, ezifana ne-magnetic levitation (maglev) izitimela, i-MRI yonyango, kunye nophando oluphambili kwii-accelerators ze-particle.
Nangona ukusetyenziswa kwe-superconductors akuzange kwandiswe kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo ngenxa yobunzima kunye neendleko ezivela kwisidingo sokugcina amaqondo okushisa aphantsi kakhulu, kukho umdla omkhulu ekuphuhliseni ii-superconductors ezinokuthi zisebenze kumaqondo okushisa asondele kumaqondo okushisa ambi, anokuthi asebenze. yenza ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwizicelo zemihla ngemihla kwenzeke.
Izinto zokugquma
Ngokungafaniyo nabaqhubi, Izinto zokugquma Bavala indlela yee-electron. Kwi-insulator, ii-electron ziboshwe ngokuqinileyo kwii-athomu, zithintela ukuhamba ngokukhululekile. Oku kwenza izigqubuthelo zixabiseke kakhulu ngokuqulatha umbane ngaphakathi kweekhondatha, ukuthintela ukuvuza okanye iingozi.
Phakathi kwezinto ezixhaphakileyo zokugquma sifumana iglasi, irabha, i-porcelain, i-ceramics kunye neeplastiki. Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, ii-insulators zibalulekile kukhuseleko lombane, zivumela iintambo kunye nezinye izinto eziqhubayo ukuba zisebenze ngokukhuselekileyo ngaphandle komngcipheko weesekethe ezimfutshane okanye iingozi.
Ngokomzekelo, i-insulation egubungela ngokubanzi iintambo zobhedu iqinisekisa ukuba akukho kudibana kombane kunye neendawo zangaphandle, ukukhusela iingozi ezinzulu. Ii-insulators zikwasetyenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezixhobo zombane kunye nezixhobo zokuthintela umbane ekuchaphazeleni ezinye iindawo ezibuthathaka okanye eziyingozi.
Imizekelo yeZixhobo zokuQhuba kunye neziKhuseli
Ukunceda ukuchonga ngcono ezi mathiriyeli, ngezantsi luluhlu lwemizekelo ye izinto zokuqhuba:
- Isilivere
- ICopper
- Golide
- IAluminiyam
- Hierro
- Acero
- Amanzi olwandle
- Ikhonkrithi
- Ubhedu
- Ubhedu
Kwelinye icala, eminye imizekelo ye Izinto zokugquma Zizo:
- Iglasi
- Goma
- Iinkuni (zomileyo)
- Iphepha (lomile)
- Iiceramics
- Umoya
- Plástico
- Udongwe
- I-Fibglass
- Mamanzi amisiwe
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ezinye izinto ziyakwazi ukutshintsha ukuziphatha kwazo ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko, ezifana ne-doping kwi-semiconductors, oku kuthetha ukuba ukukwazi kwabo ukuqhuba okanye ukufaka umbane akusoloko kufana.
Ukwazi iimpawu zezixhobo zokuqhuba kunye ne-insulating kubalulekile ekukhetheni okufanelekileyo kwisicelo ngasinye, nokuba ngaba ukwakha izixhobo zombane, ukugcina igridi yombane ekhuselekileyo, okanye ukwenza iimvavanyo kwibhubhoratri. Oku kuqonda kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza, ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kufakelo lombane kunye nezixhobo.