IziTyalo zoMbane waManzi oMbane oMbi weHlabathi: Izinto zobuNjineli

  • Izityalo zombane owenziwe ngamanzi zivelisa i-71% yamandla ahlaziyekayo ehlabathi.
  • I-China ikhokela imveliso yombane owenziwe ngamanzi ngeDama lemiwonyo emithathu.
  • Amandla ombane osebenza ngamanzi angundoqo kuphuhliso loqoqosho kunye nokuzinza.

IZityalo zaMandla oMbane waManzi aphezulu eHlabathini

La amandla ombane Ibalulekile kwi-panorama yehlabathi yamandla ahlaziyekayo. Okwangoku, le ndlela yokuvelisa amandla ayisiyiyo kuphela esetyenziswa kakhulu, kodwa enye yeyona nto isebenzayo. Ngaphezulu kwe-1.000 GW yomthamo ofakiweyo kwihlabathi jikelele, obu bugcisa bungumqolo oxhasa eminye imithombo yamandla enokuxelwa kwangaphambili, efana nelanga okanye amandla omoya.

Ngokutsho kwedatha yakutshanje evela kwi-International Energy Agency (IEA), kwi-2014, imveliso ye-hydroelectric yehlabathi ifikelele kwi-1.437 TWh, emele i-14% yombane wehlabathi. Kwaye uqikelelo kukuba ngo-2050, la manani aya kuphinda kabini, agqithise i-2.000 GW yamandla afakiweyo.

Kodwa kutheni amandla ombane asebenza ngamanzi abaluleke kangaka? Ukongeza ekuveliseni isixa esibalulekileyo samandla ombane, olu hlobo lobuchwephesha lukwanezibonelelo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo, ezinjengozinzo, ukuncitshiswa kokukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse, kunye neendleko eziphantsi zokusebenza kunye nokugcinwa kwazo xa kuthelekiswa neminye imithombo yamandla. Nangona kunjalo, uqoqosho olukhulu kunye namazwe asahlumayo ayaqhubeka nokutyala imali kobu buchwepheshe.

Izinto ezilungileyo zamandla ombane owenziwe ngamanzi

Amandla ombane anezibonelelo ezininzi ngaphezulu kweminye imithombo yamandla ombane, kubandakanya inqanaba eliphezulu lokuthembeka, Itekhnoloji eqinisekisiweyo kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu, kunye neendleko zokusebenza eziphantsi kunye nokugcinwa.

Izinto eziluncedo ngombane wamanzi

Ngezantsi, sichaza ezinye zeenzuzo zayo eziphawulekayo:

  • Uzinzo: Ngokusebenzisa ithuba lomjikelo wamanzi endalo, akukho nto ikhutshwayo kwigreenhouse gas.
  • Ukuzinza: Izityalo ze-Hydropower, ngokukodwa izityalo zokugcina, zinokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwiinguqu kwimfuno yombane.
  • Iindleko zokusebenza eziphantsi: Ngaphandle kotyalo-mali oluphezulu lokuqala, iindleko zokusebenza kunye nokugcinwa ziphantsi kakhulu kwixesha elide.
  • Ubomi obude obuluncedo: Izibonelelo ezininzi zombane wamanzi zinokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-50.

Ezona zityalo zivelisa umbane ngamanzi ehlabathini

Awona mazwe ezoqoqosho aphambili, afana neTshayina, iUnited States, iBrazil neRussia, aphumeze iiprojekthi zombane oqhutywa ngamanzi ezincomekayo ezibalaseleyo ngomthamo kunye nokuntsonkotha kwazo. Ezi ziseko zophuhliso azitshintshanga kuphela imveliso yamandla, kodwa zibe nefuthe elikhulu kwezoqoqosho nezentlalo kwimimandla yazo.

Izikhululo zoMbane woMbane weMithombo emithathu

Imijelo emithathu yoMbane woMbane woMbane

La Imijelo emithathu yoMbane woMbane woMbane, eTshayina, ibekwe kuMlambo iYangtze kwaye, inomthamo ofakelweyo wama-22.500 MW, ngowona mzi-mveliso uvelisa umbane omkhulu ehlabathini. Ukwakhiwa kwayo kwaqala ngo-1993, kwaye kwagqitywa kwi-2012 ngexabiso elimalunga ne-18.000 yezigidi ze-euro.

Idama linayo Iimitha ezili-181 ukuphakama kunye neekhilomitha ezimbini ubude. Lilonke, lo mzimveliso unama-34 omoya (32 we-700 MW kunye ne-2 ye-50 MW) evelisa isixa esincomekayo sama-98,8 TWh ngonyaka. Esi sityalo siyimfuneko, hayi kunikezelo lwamandla eTshayina kuphela, kodwa nasekulawuleni izikhukhula nokuphucula ukuthuthwa komlambo kuMlambo iYangtze.

I-Itaipu Hydroelectric Power Plant

I-Itaipu Dam

La I-Itaipu hydroelectric plant Yeyesibini ngobukhulu ehlabathini, inomthamo ofakelweyo we-14.000 MW. Esi sityalo sifumaneka kuMlambo iParaná, kumda ophakathi kweBrazil neParaguay. Ukwakhiwa kwayo kwaqala ngo-1975 kwaye kwagqitywa ngo-1982, kunye notyalo-mali olupheleleyo lwe-15.000 yezigidi ze-euro.

Isityalo sase-Itaipu sibonelela nge-17,3% yombane waseBrazil kunye ne-72,5% yokusetyenziswa kwamandla eParaguay. Ngonyaka, ivelisa malunga ne-98,5 TWh, iyibeka kwinqanaba leplanti ye-Three Gorges ngokwemveliso.

Isikhululo samandla ombane seXiluodu

Isikhululo samandla ombane seXiluodu

Ifumaneka eTshayina, i Isikhululo soMbane weXiluodu Yeyesithathu ngobukhulu ehlabathini. Imi kumlambo iJinsha, isebe laseYangtze, kwaye inomthamo we-13.860 MW. Ukwakhiwa kwayo kwaqala ngo-2005 kwaye kwaphela ngo-2014, ngexabiso le-5.500 yezigidigidi zee-euro.

Lo mzi-mveliso uvelisa malunga ne-64 TWh yombane ngonyaka kwaye, njengamanye amadama amakhulu e-China, udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse ngokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla efosili.

Isikhululo soMbane woMbane weGuri

I-Guri Hydroelectric Power Plant

El Guri hydroelectric complex, ehlala eVenezuela kwaye eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Simón Bolívar hydroelectric plant, sesinye seziseko ezibaluleke kakhulu eLatin America. Ngomthamo ofakelweyo we-10.235 MW, lo mzimveliso ubonelela inxalenye enkulu yemfuno yamandla yelizwe kwaye unikezela ngombane eBrazil.

Ukwakhiwa kwayo kwathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabini, kugqitywe ngo-1986. Ngama-turbines angama-20 asebenzayo, i-Guri ivelisa ngaphezu kwe-47 TWh yamandla acocekileyo ngonyaka, igalelo elibalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwengingqi.

I-Tucuruí Hydroelectric Power Plant

EBrazil, i Isityalo sombane saseTucuruí Ikwindawo yesihlanu kumthamo ofakiweyo, kunye ne-8.370 MW. Yaqalwa ngo-1975 kwaye yagqitywa ngo-2010, iTucuruí ayibalulekanga nje kuphela kumandla, kodwa kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho lwaseBrazil, njengoko iququzelela ukuhamba koMlambo iTocantins kwaye yenza ukuba isetyenziswe ukunkcenkceshela kunye nokusetyenziswa.

Iprojekthi, iyonke, idinga utyalo-mali lwe-4.000 yezigidi ze-euro, kwaye isigaba sayo sesibini, esigqityiweyo kwi-2010, yongeza iiyunithi ze-11 ezongezelelweyo zesizukulwana, ezivumela i-Tucuruí ukuba ivelise ngaphezu kwe-41,43 TWh ngonyaka.

Ikamva lamandla ombane oqhutywa ngamanzi ehlabathini

Amandla ophuhliso lombane oqhutywa ngamanzi ahlala emkhulu, ngakumbi e-Afrika, e-Asia naseLatin America. Amazwe afana ne-Ethiopia aphuhlisa iiprojekthi ezifana neDama le-Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam elinamandla okuvelisa i-6.350 MW, ngelixa i-China iqhubeka nokukhokela ngeeprojekthi ezifana ne-Baihetan, eziza kubonelela nge-16.000 MW yamandla acocekileyo.

Ukukhula kwamandla ombane ophehlwa ngamanzi kwakhona kuxhaswa bubuchwephesha obutsha bokugcinwa kwempompo, obuvumela ukuba kusetyenziswe isiseko esifanayo ukugcina nokuvelisa amandla ngamaxesha okufunwa kakhulu, kunceda ukulungelelanisa ukuveliswa kwamandla okwethutyana ukusuka kweminye imithombo ehlaziyiweyo efana nelanga okanye umoya.

Namhlanje, umthamo ofakiweyo wezityalo zamanzi udlula i-2.000 GW, kwaye imfuno yombane wamanzi kulindeleke ukuba iqhubeke nokukhula ngokuhambelana nemizamo yokunciphisa ikhabhoni yehlabathi kunye nokukhula kokufakelwa kombane kwihlabathi jikelele.

Ngeengenelo zawo njengomthombo ococekileyo, oguquguqukayo nothembekileyo, amandla ombane azakuqhubekeka ukuba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yekamva lamandla ehlabathi, enceda ukuthomalalisa utshintsho lwemozulu kunye nokubonelela ngamandla azinzileyo kuphuhliso kumashumi eminyaka ezayo.


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