Kuyo yonke imisebenzi yabantu, kwenziwa amanzi amdaka ekufuneka acocwe. Ii-WWTPs, okanye iziCwangciso zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka, zinoxanduva lokucoca la manzi, avela kwimisebenzi yasezidolophini, kwimizi-mveliso nezolimo. Olu nyango lubalulekile ekukhuseleni okusingqongileyo, ekubeni ukukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka angacocwanga kunokukhupha izinto eziyityhefu ezonakalisa i-ecosystem, zingcolise imithombo yamanzi kwaye zibangele iintlekele zendalo. Ukucocwa kwamanzi okwaneleyo kungundoqo ekugcineni imithombo yamanzi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kokusingqongileyo.
Namhlanje siza kuphonononga ukuba zeziphi izicoci zamanzi, zisebenza njani, iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokunyanga abazenzayo kunye neenzuzo abazinikezelayo.
Ziziphi izinto zokucoca kwaye zisebenza njani?
I-Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) liziko lemizi-mveliso elijolise ekucoceni amanzi amdaka (amdaka) ukuphelisa ungcoliseko olukhoyo kuwo. Amanzi amdaka aphuma kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo: edolophini, kwimizi-mveliso nakwizolimo. Inkqubo yokucoca ivumela amanzi acociweyo ukuba abuyiselwe kwimijelo yendalo efana nemilambo, iilwandle okanye amachibi, ngokukhuselekileyo, ngaphandle kokuchaphazela kakubi indalo. Amaziko okucoca nawo adlala indima ephambili ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona kwamanzi ngeenjongo zezolimo okanye kwimizi-mveliso, ngaloo ndlela enegalelo ekongeni ubutyebi obufuneka kakhulu.
Ukusebenza kwezi zikhululo kusekelwe ekwahluleni unyango ngokwezigaba eziliqela. Ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lokucocwa okuyimfuneko, amanzi anokuhamba ukusuka kunyango olusisiseko ukuya kunyango oluphezulu, olwaziwa ngokuba luphezulu, olubangela ukuba lulungele ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwiinkqubo ezithile zabantu.
Siza kuhlalutya ngokweenkcukacha izigaba zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kwi-WWTP.
Iinkqubo zokunyanga amanzi kwizityalo zokucoca
Ukuze amanzi amdaka abuyiselwe kwindawo yendalo, kuyimfuneko ukuyibeka phantsi koluhlu lwezonyango ezijoliswe ekupheliseni inkunkuma kunye nokungcola okukhoyo. Ngokuxhomekeke kubume bamanzi amdaka, izityalo zokunyanga zisebenzisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Ezi zigaba zidla ngokwahlulwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Unyango: Kweli nqanaba, izinto ezinkulu ezinokonakalisa izixhobo zesityalo, ezifana namasebe, iplastiki okanye amatye, ziyasuswa.
- Unyango lokuqala: Igxininisa ekususweni kwezinto eziqinileyo ezinqunyanyisiweyo kunye nezinto ezidadayo, ezifana namafutha kunye neoli. Isenokubandakanya ukugxothwa okanye ukuchithwa kwentlenga.
- Unyango lwesibini: Kule nyathelo, ukungcola kwezinto eziphilayo kususwa ngeenkqubo zebhayoloji apho ii-microorganisms zibola izinto eziphilayo.
- Unyango oluphezulu: Inkqubo ehambele phambili efuna ukuphelisa iintsholongwane, i-phosphates, i-nitrate kunye nezinye izondlo ezinokuthi zihlale zikhona kumanzi ahlambulukileyo.
Okulandelayo, siza kuphonononga kunyango ngalunye.
Ukunyanga kwangaphambili
Unyango lwangaphambili sisigaba sokuqala esiqhutywa kwisityalo sonyango. Umsebenzi wayo oyintloko kukuthintela izinto ezinkulu kunye ezinzima ezonakalisa izixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwizigaba kamva. Ngethuba le nkqubo, i-grates kunye ne-sieves ibamba izinto ezifana namasebe, iiplastiki kunye namatye. Ngaphezu koko, i isanti, equka ukususwa kwesanti kunye nezinye iincinci ezinzima kunamanzi. Kwelinye icala, i yehlisiwe Inoxanduva lokususa i-oyile kunye namafutha adada ngaphezulu komphezulu usebenzisa izinto ezidadayo.
Unyango lokuqala
Unyango oluphambili lujolise ekunciphiseni inani lezinto eziqinileyo ezimisiweyo emanzini. Iqhutywa kusetyenziswa i-decanters apho amasuntswana amakhulu awela ezantsi ngenxa yesenzo somxhuzulane, inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba intlenga. Le ndlela iyasebenza ekususeni ukuya kutsho kwi-40% yezinto eziqinileyo ezinqunyanyisiweyo. Inkqubo ehambelanayo yileyo ukudada, evumela ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezilula ezifana neoli kunye negrisi, engazange isuswe ngaphambili kwi-pretreatment. Esi sigaba sinokubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ukulungelelanisa i-pH yamanzi, inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba ukungathathi hlangothi.
Unyango lwesibini
Unyango lwesibini ngokuyintloko lusebenzisa iinkqubo zebhayoloji ukususa izinto eziphilayo eziseleyo emanzini. Ii-Microorganisms zidlala indima ephambili kweli nqanaba, njengoko zibola izinto eziphilayo emanzini, i-biomass kunye neegesi. Le nkqubo inokuqhutywa phantsi kweemeko ze-oxygen (iinkqubo ze-aerobicokanye ngaphandle kweoksijini (Iinkqubo ze-anaerobic).
- Iinkqubo zeAerobic: Ngokutofa umoya, i-aerobic microorganisms ekhoyo emanzini ibola i-organic matter, isusa iikhompawundi zenitrogen kunye nezinye izinto ezinokubangela izinto ezinobungozi ezifana ne-eutrophication.
- Iinkqubo zeAnaerobic: Ngaphandle kobukho beoksijini, iibhaktheriya ze-anaerobic zibola izinto eziphilayo ezivelisa imethane, amanzi kunye necarbon dioxide.
Ubuchule obudumileyo kunyango lwesibini kukuba udaka olusebenzayo, apho ii-microorganisms zijikeleza amasuntswana avelisa i-sludge ekufuneka isuswe kamva. Zikwaqaqambisa i iibhedi zebhaktiriya kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe izihluzi eziluhlaza, apho uhlaza olukhethekileyo lufunxa izondlo emanzini.
Unyango oluphezulu
Kwiimeko ezithile, nonyango olulunge ngakumbi luyafuneka phambi kokuba amanzi aphinde asetyenziswe okanye akhutshelwe emanzini. Unyango oluphezulu lufuna ukuphelisa i-pathogenic agents, izondlo ezifana ne-nitrate kunye ne-phosphates, kunye nezinye i-micropollutants. Iinkqubo zenqanaba eliphezulu ziquka ukusetyenziswa kwemitha ye-ultraviolet, ukuhluzwa okuphezulu, ukutshintshana kwe-ion, kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane usebenzisa i-chlorine okanye i-ozone. Kwezinye iimeko, isetyenziswa I-osmosis echaseneyo, inkqubo evumela ukupheliswa kweetyuwa ezichithwe emanzini.
Unyango lwe-sludge
I-byproduct engenakuphepheka yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kukuveliswa kodaka, i-byproduct eyenziwa ngokukodwa ngexesha lesigaba sokulungisa. Ezi kufuneka zilawulwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuphepha ukungcoliseka kwendalo. Kukho iinkqubo ezininzi zokunyanga olu daka, ezifana nokuvutshelwa kwe-anaerobic kwi-digesters, evelisa i-methane enokusetyenziswa njenge-biogas, okanye ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni usebenzisa i-centrifuges evumela ukuba isetyenziswe njengesichumisi.
Ngokuqhubela phambili okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe, iindawo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka zidlala indima ephambili ekukhuseleni okusingqongileyo kunye nempilo yoluntu ngokucocwa kwamanzi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwenkunkuma.