La ukukhutshwa kweoyile iyahluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kwijografi, uhlobo lwesiza, kunye neendlela ezisetyenziswayo. Kwezinye iindawo kulula kwaye ayinabungozi kwimekobume kunakwezinye. Enye yeendlela ezintsonkothileyo neziphikisanayo zokutsalwa yileyo ye Ioyile yesanti, umthombo owaziwayo ngempembelelo yawo embi yokusingqongileyo kunye nemingeni yobugcisa.
Yintoni isanti yetela?
Las isanti yetela Ziidiphozithi zomxube wesanti, udongwe, amanzi kunye nebhitumene. Le yokugqibela luhlobo lwe ioli enzima kunye ne-viscous kakhulu engahambi ngokukhululekileyo kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, okwenza ukutsalwa kwayo kube nzima ngakumbi kuneoli eqhelekileyo. Ezi ntlabathi zidla ngokufunyanwa kwiidiphozithi ezikufutshane ngokwaneleyo kumphezulu wokwembiwa kwemigodi okanye kwiidiphozithi ezingaphantsi komhlaba ezifuna ubugcisa obuphambili bokukhutshwa.
Iidiphozithi eziphambili zifumaneka eCanada, ngakumbi kwiphondo lase-Alberta. Ngokukodwa, ummandla we-Athabasca, i-Cold Lake kunye ne-Peace River zigxininisa uninzi lweendawo zokugcina. Iidiphozithi ezibalulekileyo nazo zinokufumaneka eVenezuela, kwindawo edumileyo yeOli yeOlinoco.
Ukukhutshwa kweoli kwisanti yetar
Ukuveliswa kweoli kwisanti yetha kuneendlela ezimbini eziphambili zokutsalwa: umgodi womgodi ovulekileyo kunye neendlela zokubuyisela kwimeko enje Umphunga oNcedayo woMxhuzulane oMtsalane (SAGD).
Vula imigodi yemigodi
Le ndlela isetyenziswa xa ibhitumene ingaphantsi kweemitha ezingama-70 ubunzulu. Oomatshini abanzima basetyenziselwa ukususa izixa ezikhulu zesanti baze emva koko bathuthe imathiriyeli ukuya kwiindawo apho kusetyenzwa khona kusetyenziswa izixa ezikhulu zamanzi ashushu kunye nezinyibilikisi. Ibhitumene yohlulwe kwisanti, udongwe kunye namanzi ngomxhuzulane, emva koko ithunyelwe ukucokiswa.
Le nkqubo iyonakalisa kakhulu imo engqongileyo, ethe yavelisa inkcaso evela kwiingcali zokusingqongileyo, ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi okukhulu nokudalwa kwamachibi amakhulu enkunkuma enetyhefu.
Umphunga oNcedisayo ukuMisela kuMxhuzulane (SAGD)
Xa isanti yeoyile inzulu kune 70 yeemitha, kusetyenziswa indlela yeSAGD. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukugrunjwa kwamaqula amabini angqameneyo axwesileyo. Iqula elingasentla litofwa ngomphunga ukuze kufudunyezwe ibhitumene, ethi iye kumanzi asezantsi, apho ikhutshwa khona.
Le ndlela ayihlaseli kancinci kumgangatho ongaphezulu kunemigodi, kodwa isenempembelelo yokusingqongileyo, njengoko ifuna izixa ezibalulekileyo zamanzi namandla ukwenza umphunga.
Impembelelo yokusiNgqongileyo yeMveliso yeeSanti zeTar
La ukutsalwa kweoli kwisanti yetha Yenye yeendlela ezingcolisa ukuveliswa kweoli. Ukongeza kokufuna isixa esikhulu samandla kunye namanzi, inkqubo ikhupha Ukukhutshwa kweegesi zegreenhouse phezulu kakhulu kuneoli eqhelekileyo. Ngokwezifundo, ukutshiswa kwamafutha asuka kwibhitumene kuphuma phakathi kwe-15% kunye ne-23% ngaphezulu. CO2 kuneoli engalungiswanga.
Ukongezelela, uninzi lwaba vimba baphantsi kwamahlathi ashinyeneyo, adla ngokugawulwa ukuze kufumaneke ioli. ECanada, iimpembelelo ezithe ngqo kwizilwanyana zasendle ziye zaxelwa, njenge caribou kunye nebhere, ngakumbi kwindawo yase-Athabasca. Ngokunjalo, ukudalwa kweemfumba zenkunkuma ezinetyhefu kuye kwangcolisa imizimba yamanzi efana ne Athabasca River, ezichaphazela uluntu Abantu bomthonyama baseCree ezixhomekeke kwezi zibonelelo.
Enye yeentlekele ezinkulu zokusingqongileyo ezinxulumene neli shishini kukudala amachibi enkunkuma enetyhefu eziquka izinto ezifana nemercury, arsenic kunye nelothe. La machibi sele egubungela ngaphezu kwe-170 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha e-Alberta.
Inkcaso kunye neengxabano malunga nesanti yetar
Ukusetyenziswa kwentlabathi yetha ngumxholo ekuxoxwa ngawo kakhulu kwezopolitiko nakwi-ecology. Ngelixa amazwe afana neCanada kunye neVenezuela exhomekeke kwaba vimba ukugcina amandla abo azimeleyo kwaye omeleze uqoqosho lwawo, umonakalo wokusingqongileyo awunakuphikiswa.
ECanada, iinkxalabo ezijikeleze iiprojekthi ezifana nomgodi weFrontier eAlberta zifikelele kwi imibutho yehlabathi, kubandakanya UNESCO kunye nemibutho yezinto eziphilayo ezifana Abahlobo bomhlaba. Lo mbutho, kunye nabanye abaninzi, ugxeka ukugawulwa okukhulu kwamahlathi, ukungcoliseka kwamanzi kunye nokunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantu bomthonyama.
Ingxoxo yezoqoqosho
El ioli yebhitumene yesanti ibalulekile kuqoqosho lwaseCanada, olunayo I-160 ukuya kwi-170 yeebhiliyoni zemiphanda yeoli kwezi ntlabathi. Oku kwenza iCanada ibe lilizwe lesithathu elinoovimba abakhulu kwihlabathi. Nangona kukho iimpembelelo ezimbi, ukusetyenziswa kwezi zibonelelo kunegalelo elikhulu kuqoqosho lwelizwe.
Ibhitumene ekhutshwe kwisanti yetela ibonwa ngabanye oorhulumente njenge umthombo weqhinga. Nangona kunjalo, amanye amazwe kunye nemibutho sele iqalile ukubonisa ukuxhathisa ukungenisa olu hlobo lweoli ngenxa yefuthe layo kukufudumala kwehlabathi.
Kumazwe afana ne-United States, ingxoxo ijikeleze ukwakhiwa kwemibhobho enokuthi ibaluleke kukhuseleko lwamandla, kodwa ibonise imingcipheko malunga nongcoliseko kunye nokufuduswa kwabantu bendawo.
Umbhobho Trans Mountain Yenye yezona mpikiswano kakhulu eCanada, njengoko idlula kwimimandla yemveli kunye neendawo ezikhuselweyo. Nangona uphuhliso lwayo luthembisa ukwandisa umthamo wokuthuthwa kweoli ekrwada, uqhankqalazo kunye neengxaki zendalo ziye zalibazisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukwakhiwa kwayo.
Ukwandiswa kwesi siseko kunokukhokelela ekwandeni kwemveliso yeoli yaseAlberta, esele ifikelele 4,2 yezigidi zemiphanda ngosuku, ibeka lo mmandla njengenye yezona zinto ziphambili ekuveliseni ioli ekrwada kwihlabathi jikelele.
Okokugqibela, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwesanti yetar kuhlala kungumthombo obalulekileyo weoli kumazwe aliqela, iziphumo zako kokusingqongileyo azinakuhoywa. Uxinzelelo lwamazwe ngamazwe lokufumana iindlela ezizinzileyo okanye ukuthintela imveliso ngokukhetha ezinye iindlela ezicocekileyo lunokwanda kumashumi eminyaka ezayo.