Zininzi iindlela zokuvelisa amandla ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwamafutha esilusebenzisayo kunye nendawo okanye indlela esetyenziswayo ukwenza oko. Izityalo zamandla obushushu aqhelekileyo, ezikwabizwa ngokuba zizityalo zombane oshushu, zisebenzisa amafutha efosili ukuvelisa amandla ombane. Abantu abaninzi abazi ukuba yintoni iplanti yamandla ashushu.
Siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela ukuba yintoni isityalo samandla okushisa, zeziphi iimpawu zayo kunye nendlela abavelisa ngayo amandla ombane.
Yintoni umzi-mveliso wamandla obushushu?
Las izityalo zamandla obushushu aqhelekileyo, eyaziwa ngokuba zizityalo ze-thermoelectric, sebenzisa i-fossil fuels (igesi yendalo, amalahle okanye i-oyile ye-fuel) ukuvelisa umbane ngomjikelo womphunga wamanzi we-thermal. Igama elithi "eqhelekileyo" lisetyenziselwa ukwahlula kwezinye izityalo ezishushu, ezifana nomjikelo odityanisiweyo okanye izityalo zenyukliya. Ezi zityalo zivelisa amandla ombane ngokuguqula amandla ekhemikhali ezibaso zibe ngamandla ashushu, athi ke aguqulwe abe ngamandla omatshini aze ekugqibeleni abe ngumbane.
Amalungu ayo aphambili ngala:
- Ibhoyila: Isithuba esiguqula amanzi abe ngumphunga ngokutsha kwamafutha. Kule nkqubo, amandla ekhemikhali yepetroli aguqulwa abe ngamandla ashushu.
- Ohlobo: Imibhobho apho amanzi ajikeleza khona, apho aguqulwa abe ngumphunga. Irhasi yokutsha idlulisela ubushushu bayo emanzini.
- Umphunga weinjini: Umatshini oqokelela umphunga wamanzi, obangela, ngenxa yoxinzelelo kunye nenkqubo yobushushu, ishafti ehamba nge turbine ukuhamba. Ezi turbines zikholisa ukuba nemizimba eliqela (ephezulu, ephakathi kunye noxinzelelo oluphantsi) ukwenza umphunga omninzi.
- Umvelisi: Umatshini oguqula amandla enziwe ngumatshini abe ngumbane ngokufakwa kwe-electromagnetic. I-shaft ye-injini ye-turbine idibaniswe kwi-generator, evelisa i-alternating current yesigaba sesithathu.
Ukusebenza kwesityalo samandla ashushu
Ukusebenza kwe-a umzi-mveliso wamandla oshushu oqhelekileyo inokwahlulwa ngokwezigaba eziliqela. Okokuqala, i fuel Itshiswa kwibhoyila evelisa ubushushu obuninzi. Obu bushushu busetyenziselwa ukufudumeza amanzi, eguqulwa ibe ngumphunga ophezulu kunye nobushushu obuphezulu.
Lo mphunga uthunyelwa kwii turbines, apho wenza uxinzelelo kwiiblades ze turbine, ebangela ukuba i-injini ijikeleze. Yena intshukumo ye turbine Ivelisa amandla omatshini, ekugqibeleni aguqulwa abe ngamandla ombane kwi-generator.
Umbane owenziweyo udlula kwi-transformer, apho i-voltage yayo inyuka ukuze isasazwe kumgama omde ngokusebenzisa igridi yombane.
Umphunga, xa sele usetyenziswe kwi-injini yomoya, uthunyelwa kwi-condenser apho uthi upholiswe kwaye uguqulwe ubuyele emanzini, okukhokelela kumjikelo wemveliso ovaliweyo. Le nkqubo ixhaphakile kuzo zonke izityalo zamandla ashushu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba luhlobo luni lwesibaso olusetyenzisiweyo.
Iintlobo zomjikelo kwiplanti yamandla eshushu
- Umjikelo weRankine: Isetyenziswa kuninzi lwezityalo zamandla ze-thermal eziqhelekileyo. Lo mjikelo usebenzisa amandla e-thermal ye-fuel ukwenza umphunga wamanzi, othi ke uqhube i-injini yomoya.
- Umjikelo weHyrn: Kukwahluka komjikelo we-Rankine, kunye nesigaba esongezelelweyo sokufudumeza umphunga. Le nkqubo iphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla.
Iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo zomzi-mveliso wamandla obushushu
Izityalo zamandla obushushu zivelisa iziphumo ezingalunganga kokusingqongileyo ngenxa yokukhutshwa kwezinto eziphuma ekutshisweni kwamafutha efosili kunye nokukhutshwa kwezixa ezikhulu zobushushu benkunkuma.
Ngokuphathelele ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo, ezi zityalo zivelisa i-carbon dioxide (CO2), i-carbon monoxide (CO), i-nitrogen oxides (NOx), kunye ne-sulfur dioxide (SO2), ezifaka isandla kukufudumala kwehlabathi kunye nongcoliseko lomoya. Ezinye izinto eziyityhefu ezifana nemekyuri kunye nelothe zinokukhutshwa.
Izihluzi zisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa inani lamasuntswana aphuma emoyeni, kwaye iitshimini zihlala zinde ngokwaneleyo ukusasaza ngcono amasuntswana emoyeni.
Ukutshintshwa kobushushu kunye nongcoliseko lobushushu
Enye ingxaki ehambelanayo kungcoliseko lobushushu ngenxa yokukhutshwa kobushushu obushiyekileyo kumanzi akufutshane. Oku kuphakamisa ubushushu bamanzi, kuchaphazela i-ecosystem yendawo. Amaziko ombane asebenzisa iinkqubo zokupholisa ukunciphisa le mpembelelo, ukupholisa amanzi ngaphambi kokuba abuyiselwe kumthombo wawo.
Impembelelo kwimpilo yabantu
Izingcolisi ezikhutshwa zizityalo zamandla ashushu zichaphazela kakubi impilo yabantu. Amasuntswana anetyhefu kunye neegesi ezibangelwa kukutsha kunokubangela izifo zokuphefumula kunye nentliziyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukuba sesichengeni kwezi zinto kwandisa ingozi yomhlaza.
Izihluzi zangoku kunye neenkqubo ziphuculwe, nangona ubugcisa obutsha busafuna ukuphuhliswa ukunciphisa impembelelo kwimpilo kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Iintlobo zezityalo zamandla ezishushu
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze izityalo zamandla ashushu, kuxhomekeke kumafutha asetyenzisiweyo kunye noyilo lwesityalo.
Amandla ombane aqhelekileyo ashushu
Basebenzisa amafutha efosili afana namalahle, ioyile yamafutha okanye igesi yendalo. Nangona zixhaphakile kwihlabathi jikelele, impembelelo yazo yokusingqongileyo inkulu ngenxa yokukhutshwa kweegesi ezingcolisayo.
Umjikelo odityanisiweyo izityalo thermal amandla
Las izityalo zomjikelezo odibeneyo Zisebenza kakuhle kunezo ziqhelekileyo. Basebenzisa ii-injini zegesi ukuguqula amandla obushushu abe ngamandla omatshini ngokutshisa igesi yendalo. Iigesi ezishushu ezigqithisileyo zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umphunga onika amandla enye i-injini yomphunga, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo.
Izityalo zamandla enyukliya ze-thermal
Bavelisa amandla nge Ukulwa kwenyukliya kwireactor, ekhupha isixa esikhulu samandla ashushu ukuguqula amanzi abe ngumphunga. Nangona zingakhuphi iigesi zegreenhouse, zibonisa imingcipheko ngenxa yenkunkuma eqhumayo kunye neengozi zenyukliya ezinokwenzeka.
Iindlela ezizezinye kunye namandla ahlaziyekayo
Las amandla ahlaziyekayo, njengelanga, umoya kunye ne-geothermal, ziya zisanda. Le mithombo ayivelisi ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse kwaye izinzile ngakumbi kwixesha elide.
Izityalo zeSolar thermal kunye ne-geothermal zibonelela ngeendlela ezifanayo kwezinye izityalo ezishushu zesiqhelo, zithatha ithuba lemithombo yendalo ngaphandle kweempembelelo ezingalunganga ezinxulumene namafutha efosili.
Uphuculo lwetekhnoloji lunyusa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa iindleko, kukhawulezisa ukwamkelwa kwihlabathi jikelele.
Isityalo samandla omphunga
Las izityalo zamandla omphunga Basebenzisa umjikelo apho amanzi adlula kwinqanaba lomphunga aze abuyele kwimeko yawo engamanzi. Iqhelekile kwii-thermals eziqhelekileyo.
Itekhnoloji ye-Supercritical ifumene ukubaluleka, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa ilahleko yamandla ngokuphelisa utshintsho lwesigaba.
Ziyenye yezona teknoloji ziphambili kwimveliso yombane, nangona ukukhula kwamandla avuselelekayo kuqalisa ukuwabuyisela ngokuthe ngcembe.
Icandelo lezamandla liphantsi kwenguqu emandla. Izityalo zamandla obushushu zisabalulekile, kodwa amandla avuselelekayo sele ekhokela kumazwe amaninzi, ngenxa yempembelelo yawo ephantsi yokusingqongileyo kunye nokukhula okuphezulu.