Amaxesha amaninzi, xa siphuma phandle, sinokubona uhlobo lomsi osemoyeni, esithi ngempazamo siwuchaze njengenkungu. Lo mcimbi waziwa ngokuba smogngokukodwa, i umsi wephotochemical.
Umsi luhlobo lwe ungcoliseko lomoya ezinokuchaphazela kakubi kokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo yethu. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga ngokweenkcukacha ukuba yintoni i-smog, indlela eveliswa ngayo, iziphumo zayo, kunye nezisombululo ezinokubakho zokulwa nayo.
Yintoni umsi?
El smog Ngumxube womsi kunye nenkungu eyenzeka emoyeni ngenxa yokufumba kwezinto ezingcolisa umoya. Igama layo livela kumagama esiNgesi Ukutshaya (umsi) kunye inkungu (inkungu). Nangona kubonakala ngakumbi kwizixeko ezikhulu, i-smog inokuchaphazela nayiphi na indawo enamazinga aphezulu ongcoliseko.
Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili ze-smog:
- Umsi wefotochemical: Ibangelwa kukudibana kokukhanya kwelanga kunye ne-nitrogen oxides kunye ne-volatile organic compounds.
- Umsi wesulfure: Olu hlobo lomsi ludla ngokuvela kwiindawo zoshishino okanye kwiindawo ezibandayo.
Iveliswa njani ifogochemical smog?
El umsi wephotochemical Yenziwa xa izingcolisi eziphambili ezikhoyo emoyeni, ezifana iioksidi zenitrogen (NOX) kunye iikhompawundi eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo (VOCs), zisabela phantsi kokukhanya kwelanga. Ezi zingcolisi ziphambili zikhutshwa ikakhulu kukukhutshwa kwezithuthi, iifektri kunye nezixhobo zombane.
Iimpendulo eziphambili ezenzekayo zezi zilandelayo:
- I-Nitrogen oxides (NOx) yophula ekukhanyeni kwelanga, ikhupha i-oksijini eninzi ehambelana nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo.
- Tropospheric ozone, eyaziwa ngokuba i-ozone embi, iveliswa kwaye ibe yinto eyingozi kakhulu ye-photochemical smog.
- I-VOCs, xa ixutywe ne-ozone, iphinda ivelise iikhompawundi eziyingozi ezifana i-peroxyacil nitrate (PAN).
Le mpendulo ithandwa ngu a imitha yelanga ephezulu, ngoko ke amanqanaba aphezulu e-photochemical smog avame ukwenzeka ehlotyeni naphakathi kwemini.
Iziphumo ze-photochemical smog kwindalo esingqongileyo
I-photochemical smog inefuthe elibalulekileyo lokusingqongileyo, elichaphazela izityalo, imizimba yamanzi kunye nezilwanyana.
- Ukubonakala okuncitshisiweyo: I-Smog inciphisa kakhulu ukubonakala, idala umaleko oshinyeneyo okuthintela ekuboneni i-horizon kunye nesibhakabhaka.
- Impembelelo kwizityalo: I-ozone ye-Tropospheric iyonakalisa amagqabi emithi kunye nezityalo, iyancipha ukukhula kwayo kwaye inciphisa amandla e-photosynthetic.
- Ubushushu bukazwe lonke: Nangona i-smog ibangela umqobo othintela ukukhanya kwelanga, ikwasebenza njenge-greenhouse ebamba ubushushu kumaleko asezantsi omoya.
- Ukuguqulwa komjikelo wamanzi: Amasuntswana axhonyiweyo anokunciphisa imvula ngokuguqula iipateni zendalo zemvula.
Kwezinye izixeko ezingcoliseke kakhulu, ezinje ngeBeijing okanye kwisiXeko saseMexico, amanqanaba ongcoliseko aphakamileyo kangangokuba amafu omsi anokuhlala iiveki, esenza zonke ezi mpembelelo zibe mbi ngakumbi.
Iziphumo zempilo ze-photochemical smog
Umsi ubeka impilo yabantu emngciphekweni, ngakumbi abo baneengxaki zokuphefumla kunye nentliziyo.
- Ukucaphuka kwamehlo kunye nomgudu wokuphefumla: I-ozone kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo zinokubangela ukukhohlela, umqala obuhlungu, namehlo abomvu.
- Ukwanda kwezifo ezingapheliyo: Abo bathwaxwa sisifuba, ibronchitis okanye i-emphysema baya kubona iimpawu zabo ziba mandundu.
- Ukunqongophala kweoksijini: Amanqanaba aphezulu e-carbon monoxide (CO) anokwenza utshintshiselwano lwe-oksijini emiphungeni lube nzima, ikakhulu luchaphazela abantu abadala okanye abantu abanengxaki yemiphunga.
- Ukufa kwasekuqaleni: Kwiimeko ezinzima kunye nexesha elide, ukuchanabeka kwi-smog kunokukhokelela ekufeni kwangaphambi kwexesha, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiintlekele ezifana ne "Great Smog" eLondon ngo-1952, apho amawaka abantu afa khona.
Izixeko ezinelona nqanaba liphezulu lomsi
Ezinye izixeko zityekele kakhulu kumanqanaba aphezulu omsi, ngakumbi ezo zingenamithombo yendalo yokuhlaziya umoya, njengomoya okanye imvula. Ezi zinto, zongezwa kumanqanaba aphezulu ongcoliseko, zidala iimeko ezigqibeleleyo zokuqokelelana komsi.
- Iingelosi: Sijikelezwe ziintaba kwaye sikhathazwa kukugutyungelwa kubushushu bexesha elide, esi sixeko siphantse sibe sisithethantonye nesmog.
- IsiXeko saseMexico kunye neSantiago de Chile: Ekubeni zimi kwiintlambo, azinamoya onamandla ngokwaneleyo wokutshabalalisa izinto ezingcolisa umoya.
- EBeijing: Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwamalahle kunye neenqwelo-mafutha kwenza esi sixeko sibe sesona sixeko singcoliseke kakhulu ehlabathini phantse unyaka wonke.
Izisombululo zokulwa ne-smog
La ukulwa nomsi kufuneka kujongwe kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Ayingoorhulumente kuphela, kodwa namaqumrhu amakhulu kunye nabemi kufuneka bathathe inyathelo. Nazi ezinye iindlela eziphambili:
- Imigaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente: Ukwenziwa kweendawo ezingakhutshwayo kunye nokwamkelwa kwamandla acocekileyo kunokunciphisa kakhulu ungcoliseko. Ngaphezu koko, ukukhuthaza imigaqo enciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweemoto ezingcolise kakhulu kungundoqo.
- Inkampani: Uninzi lwezona zinto zingcolisayo ziphuma kwimizi-mveliso. Ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zokucoca kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kuyimfuneko ukulwa ne-smog.
- Abemi: Ukutshintsha imikhwa yethu yemihla ngemihla efana nokusebenzisa izithuthi zikawonke-wonke okanye ukukhetha izithuthi zombane kunceda ukunciphisa indawo yethu yekhabhoni.
Ukongezelela, indalo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulweni ne-smog. Imvula kunye nomoya, xa ihlala rhoqo, inceda ukucoca ngokwemvelo i-atmosphere, echaza ukuba kutheni i-smog ixhaphake kakhulu kwiindawo ezinemozulu eyomileyo.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, zonke ezi nzame kufuneka zidityaniswe ukuphumeza impembelelo yokwenene ekunciphiseni i-smog kwizixeko ezichaphazelekayo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukuphucula umgangatho womoya kunye nempilo yabemi bazo.
Olona lwazi lubalaseleyo emhlabeni
Enkosi kakhulu ngengcaciso yakho Mafio.
A ubingelele.