Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abantu bebesebenzisa ubuncwane bendalo besijikelezi-langa ngesantya esikhawulezayo. Oku kuxhaphazwa ngamandla kubangele utshintsho olubalulekileyo kulwakhiwo lwe-ecosystem kunye nolungelelwaniso lokusingqongileyo lwehlabathi. Ngokutsho kweManyano yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo (IUCN), ngaphezu kwe-32.000 yeentlobo zezilwanyana ezisengozini yokuphela ngenxa yezinto ezenziwa ngabantu. Ukunciphisa le ngxaki kunye nokubuyisela i-ecosystems, ingcamango ye ukuphinda ndixakeke, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-rewiding okanye ukutshintshwa ngokutsha.
Eli nqaku liphicotha ukuba yintoni ukwenziwa ngokutsha, zithini iinjongo zako, kwenziwa njani kwaye yintoni ukubaluleka kwayo kulondolozo, ukungafani kwebhayoloji kunye nokusebenzisana kwabantu nendalo.
Yintoni ejikelezayo
El ukuphinda ndixakeke yingcinga enkulu yolondolozo enenjongo ephambili iyi ukubuyisela nokukhusela imimandla yendalo ngokuziswa ngokutsha kweentlobo eziphambili, ukubuyiswa kweenkqubo zezinto eziphilayo kunye nokukhuthazwa koqhagamshelwano phakathi kweendawo eziye zahlulwa okanye zonakaliswe ngokungenelela kwabantu. Ngezi zenzo, ukulungiswa ngokutsha kufuna ukubuyisela i-ikhosistim kwisakhono sazo sokuzilawula kunye nokuzimela ngaphandle kokungenelela rhoqo komntu.
Ekuqaleni, eli gama layilwa yingcali yendalo esingqongileyo yaseMelika uDave Foreman ngeminyaka yoo-1990, kwaye yaqala yagxila ekubuyiselweni kwakhona kwamarhamncwa amakhulu kwiindawo awayesuswe kuzo, njengemeko yezilwanyana ezizingelayo. ingcuka eYellowstone, yaphinda yaziswa ngowe-1995 ukuze kulungiswe ukungalingani okubangelwa kukwanda kweelk. Nangona kunjalo, namhlanje ukubuyisela kwakhona kubandakanya indlela ebanzi kakhulu efuna ukubuyisela yonke i-ecosystem, ukusuka kwiintyatyambo ukuya kumjikelo wamanzi kunye nezinye iinkqubo zendalo.
I-Rewilding iphakamisa umbono apho indalo ivunyelwe ukuba ibe yindle kwakhona kwaye izilawule, isuse imida yabantu. Akunjalo nje ngokukhusela izilwanyana ezisengozini, kodwa nangokudala i-ecosystem esebenzayo neyomelelayo ekwaziyo ukuziqhelanisa nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye neminye imingeni ye-ikholoji.
Iimpawu eziphambili zokubuyisela kwakhona
Phakathi kweempawu ezibalaseleyo ze ukuphinda ndixakeke Kukho iindlela ezininzi eziphambili ezivumela i-ecosystem ukuba iphinde isebenze kwakhona:
- Ukuziswa ngokutsha kweentlobo eziphambili: Olona sukelo lubalulekileyo lokubuyisela izilwanyana kukubuyisela izilwanyana zalapho eziye zanyamalala, njengezilwanyana ezizidlayo nezilwanyana ezinkulu ezitya utyani, ukuze kubuyiselwe umjikelo wendalo. Umzekelo, ukubuya kwe inyathi eYurophu Ingqineke ibalulekile ekubuyiselweni kwamadlelo engca, ekubeni idlelo layo lendalo lithanda iintlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo nezinye izilwanyana.
- Ukuzimela kwendalo: Ukubuyisela kwakhona akukho malunga nokumisela ulawulo kwi-ecosystem, kodwa kunokunciphisa ungenelelo lomntu. Iinkqubo ezifana nezikhukula, imililo okanye ukuqukuqela ngokukhululekileyo kwemilambo kufuneka ikwazi ukwenzeka ngokwemvelo ukuze inkqubo yendalo iphile ngokwayo. Ingcamango kukuba ukungenelela kwabantu kuyimfuneko kuphela ngexesha lokuqala lokubuyisela.
- Uqhagamshelwano phakathi kweendawo zokuhlala: Ukubuyisela kwakhona kukhuthaza ukudalwa kweepaseji zendalo ezivumela ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kweentlobo kunye nokusabalalisa kwemfuzo. Olu qhagamshelo lubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ubukho bexesha elide beentlobo njengoko luququzelela ukufuduka kwaye luvumela izilwanyana ukuba zifumane iindawo zokuhlala ezintsha ukuba indawo yazo yantlandlolo yonakele.
- Phinda udibanise abantu nendalo: Umba ongaphathekiyo kodwa obaluleke kakhulu wokubuyisela kwakhona unxibelelwano lweemvakalelo phakathi kwabantu kunye nendalo yabo yendalo. I-Ecotourism kunye nemfundo yendalo esingqongileyo idlala indima ephambili ekwaziseni nasekuthatheni inxaxheba kuluntu lwengingqi. Abantu abafumana iingenelo zenkqubo yendalo ebuyiselweyo, apho izilwanyana zasendle zikhula kakuhle, badla ngokukuqonda ngakumbi ukubaluleka kolondolozo.
Iziseko kunye nendlela yokubuyisela kwakhona
Ukubuyisela kwakhona kubunjwe kujikelezo lweentsika ezintathu ezinxibeleleneyo ezingundoqo ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo kwe-ikhosistim: ubunzima betrophic, ukuphazamiseka kwendalo kunye noqhakamshelwano. Nganye kwezi ntsika ivumela ukubuyiselwa kwexesha elide kwendalo kunye nokuzimela.
ubunzima betrophic
Izilwanyana ezinkulu ezitya uhlaza kunye nezilwanyana ezizingelayo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yendalo. Ukupheliswa kwamarhamncwa kunokukhokelela kuluntu lwezilwanyana ezitya izityalo ezingalawulekiyo, nto leyo echaphazela kakubi utyani kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ichaphazele ezinye iintlobo. Hlaziya ikhonkco lokutya inceda ukubuyisela ibhalansi yendalo. Umzekelo wale nto kukubuyiselwa kweengcuka kwi-Yellowstone, engazange ilawulwe kuphela i-elk yabantu, kodwa iphinde ivumele ukuvuselelwa kwamahlathi aselunxwemeni kunye neendawo zokuhlala eziphuculweyo zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana zasendle.
Ngolu hlobo, ukubuyisela kwakhona ukuvelisa kwakhona kuphakamisa amathuba okusebenzisa indawo ye-ikholoji, equka ukwazisa uhlobo oluthile lwendalo oluzalisekisa imisebenzi ye-ikholoji efana naleyo yeentlobo eziphelileyo kuloo ndawo. Oku kufuneka kwenziwe ngononophelo, njengoko ukuqaliswa kweentlobo zezilwanyana kunokuba nemiphumo engalindelekanga.
Iziphazamiso zendalo
Ii-ecosystems ziqhelene nemijikelo ethile yokuphazamiseka ethi, nangona ibonwa njengentlekele, ibe luncedo kwixesha elide. Imililo elawulwayo, izikhukula kunye nezaqhwithi yimizekelo yeziphazamiso ezithi, phantsi kweemeko zendalo, zincede ekugcineni i-biodiversity kunye nokuthintela ukuqokelelana kwe-biomass enokubangela imililo emikhulu.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukungenelela kwabantu kuye kwathambekela ekuthinteleni ezi ziphazamiso, nto leyo edla ngokukhokelela kwiintlekele ezinkulu kwixesha elizayo. Ukuvumela ezi zehlo zendalo ukuba zenzeke kunganceda ukubuyisela ibhalansi kwi-ecosystem.
ukubuyisela uqhagamshelwano
Ukwahlukaniswa kwabantu bebhayoloji kunokuba yingozi kwiyantlukwano yemfuza. Iintlobo zezilwanyana kufuneka zikwazi ukuhamba phakathi kwe-ikhosistim ezahlukeneyo ukuqinisekisa ukuphila kwexesha elide. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kwiintlobo ezisengozini yokuphela ezifuna iindawo zokuhlala ezintsha apho zinokuzala khona kwaye zichume.
Esinye sezisombululo eziphambili zokubuyisela kwakhona kukudala iipaseji zezilwanyana zasendle, ezivumela iintlobo ukuba zihambe ngokukhuselekileyo phakathi kweendawo ezahlukeneyo ezikhuselweyo. EYurophu, umzekelo, iipaseji zenzelwe izilwanyana ezikhulu njengebhere emdaka, ziququzelela ukutshintshiselana ngemfuza phakathi kwabemi abakwanti kunye nokunceda ukubuyisela iindawo zokuhlala eziqhekekayo.
Uqhagamshelwano lukwakhuthaza ukomelela kwe-ecosystem kutshintsho lwemozulu, njengoko ivumela iintlobo zezilwanyana ukuba zifudukele kwimimandla emitsha xa iindawo zazo zokuhlala zantlandlolo zichatshazelwa kakhulu kukutshintsha kwemozulu.
Imizekelo yokubuyisela kwakhona ngempumelelo
Kukho amabali empumelelo aliqela apho iinzame zokuphinda ziguqule iindawo ezonakeleyo zibe yinkqubo elungeleleneyo nezikwaziyo ukuzigcina. Apha ngezantsi kukho eyona mizekelo inempembelelo:
Ukwaziswa kwakhona kweengcuka eYellowstone
I-Yellowstone National Park mhlawumbi yeyona nto yaziwa kakhulu yokubuyisela kwakhona. Ukubuyiselwa kweengcuka ngo-1995 kwanceda ukulinganisa inani elikhulu lamaxhama, awathi, ngaphandle kwamarhamncwa endalo, atshabalalisa izityalo zasekuhlaleni. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukubuya kweengcuka kwavumela ukuvuselelwa kwemilambo kunye namahlathi, kunye nokuphucula iindawo zokuhlala kwezinye iintlobo ezifana ne-beaver kunye ne-waterfowl.
IDelta yaseDanube
EYurophu, enye yeeprojekthi ezibalulekileyo kukubuyiselwa kwe IDelta yaseDanube, enye yezona ndawo zininzi zebhayoloji kwilizwekazi. Ngombulelo kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokubuyisela, iintlobo ezifana ne-peliccan kunye ne-mink yaseYurophu zibuyile ngamanani amaninzi, zivuselela izityalo kunye nezilwanyana kule ndawo ibalulekileyo yokuhlala.
Umbindi weSpain kunye nezilwanyana zayo ezidumileyo
ESpeyin, amanyathelo afana nokubuyiselwa kwe-lynx yase-Iberia kwi-Doñana Natural Park iye yanceda ukubuyisela i-ecosystem engundoqo. Ezi nzame ziye zaphumelela kungekuphela nje ngenxa yokwanda kwamanani e-lynx, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ziye zahlaziya ulungelelwaniso lweendawo ezihlala kuzo eziphilayo. Ezinye iinzame ziquka ukubuyisela ingcuka namaxhalanga anentshebe kumantla welizwe.
Imiceli mngeni yokubuyisela kwakhona
Nangona ukubuyisela kwakhona kuneenzuzo ezininzi kuzo zombini i-ikhosistim kunye nabantu, kukwanika imingeni ebalulekileyo efuna izisombululo ezicwangcisiweyo ngononophelo.
- Ukungquzulana nemisebenzi yabantu: Iiprojekthi zokubuyisela umhlaba zihlala zingqubana nezinto ezithandwa ngabantu, ezifana nemfuyo kunye nezolimo. Izilwanyana ezibuyiselweyo, ngakumbi amarhamncwa, zinokubonwa njengengozi kwimfuyo, zidala ukungavisisani namafama asekuhlaleni kunye nabalimi.
- Iindleko zoqoqosho: Ukulungiswa ngokutsha kubandakanya utyalo-mali olukhulu ngaphambili ukuze kuqinisekwe ngeziseko zophuhliso ezaneleyo, ezifana nokudalwa kweepaseji zendalo kunye nokuqaliswa ngokutsha kweentlobo zezilwanyana. Nangona kunjalo, ekuhambeni kwexesha, ithathwa njengenenzuzo ngakumbi kunolawulo olubanzi lwendawo ekhuselweyo.
- Umngcipheko wongquzulwano lwentlalo: Izilwanyana ezikhulu, ezinje ngeebhere kunye neengcuka, ngamanye amaxesha zibangela inkxalabo kuluntu olukufutshane neeprojekthi zokwenziwa ngokutsha. Ukunciphisa le mingcipheko, kubalulekile ukuba iinkqubo zibandakanye imilinganiselo yokufundisa uluntu lwasekuhlaleni kunye nokukhuthaza iindlela zokuhlalisana ngoxolo.
I-rewilding yindlela yokuguqula inamandla okubuyisela i-ecosystem kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi bezilwanyana zasendle kunye nabantu. Nangona kukho imingeni, ubungqina beenzuzo kunye nenani elikhulayo leeprojekthi eziyimpumelelo kwihlabathi jikelele zibonisa ukuba esi sicwangciso-qhinga sinokuba sesinye sezitshixo zokulwa imozulu kunye nengxaki yendalo esijongene nayo.