Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kungumphumo othe ngqo wemisebenzi yabantu etshabalalisa amahlathi kunye namahlathi eMhlaba ngendlela enkulu. Umonakalo oveliswayo mkhulu kakhulu kwinqanaba lendawo, lommandla kunye neplanethi.
Namhlanje, amahlathi kunye namahlathi emhlabeni jikelele Basagubungela i-30% yomhlaba wonke. Nangona kunjalo, ubungakanani obukhulu bePanama bulahlekile nyaka ngamnye ngenxa yokucocwa kwezigidi zeehektare. Ziziphi izizathu kunye nemiphumo yoku kutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi?
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi namahlathi ehlabathini jikelele
Abantu kufuneka bathathe indawo yemisebenzi yabo yezoqoqosho, enjengendawo yokuhlala, amashishini, uphononongo lwezolimo, phakathi kwabanye. Unyaka nonyaka, izigidi zeehektare zisusiwe ukutshintsha ukusetyenziswa komhlaba kunye nokukhupha iinkuni ezixabisekileyo zokwenziwa kweemveliso, ezifana nefenitshala kunye nephepha. Esi santya sokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi sikhawuleza kangangokuba, ukuba siyaqhubeka, amahlathi ashinyeneyo namahlathi ashinyeneyo anokuphela ngokupheleleyo kwisithuba esilikhulu leminyaka ezayo.
Ukongeza ekufumaneni iphepha, ukugawula imithi kunezinye izizathu ezininzi. Ngokomzekelo, imfuneko yomhlaba wezityalo nemfuyo ikhule ngokukhawuleza. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi kumazwe afana neBrazil, apho iindawo ezinkulu zeAmazon zicocwa ukuze kwenziwe isoya kunye nenyama. Abalimi bakwaxhomekeke ekugawuleni imithi ukuze bondle iintsapho zabo, besebenzisa iindlela ezifana ukuziphilisa ngokulima okanye inkqubo yokusika nokutshisa.
Omnye umthombo obalulekileyo woxinzelelo emahlathini ukugawulwa kwemithi enkulu. Eli shishini libonelela ngeemveliso zentengiso yephepha kunye nentlaka yeenkuni yehlabathi. Noko ke, esi senzo singunobangela wokutshatyalaliswa kwenyambalala yamahlathi minyaka le. Okubi nangakumbi yimisebenzi yokugawulwa kwemithi ngokungekho mthethweni, edla ngokudala iimpembelelo ezinkulu kwi-ikhosistim yasekhaya, echaphazela zombini izityalo nezilwanyana.
Iinkonzo ezibonelelwa ngamahlathi namahlathi
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi akuchaphazeli kuphela i-ecosystem yasekuhlaleni. Xa amahlathi eshenxiswa ukuze kulungiselelwe ezolimo okanye ukufudukela ezidolophini, amandla oMhlaba okulawula imozulu nemichiza yawo ayancipha kakhulu. Imithi idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimveliso ye ioksijini, ekubeni zifunxa ikharbon diokside (CO2) ngexesha lephotosynthesis.
Namhlanje, izazinzulu ziphanda iindlela zokubamba kunye nokugcina i-CO2 ukulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu, kodwa eyona ndlela isebenzayo sele ikhona kwindalo: amahlathi ethu kunye namahlathi. Ngaphandle kokulawula imozulu, imithi ikwabonelela ngeendawo zokuhlala kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukusuka kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo ukuya kwizinambuzane. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kutshabalalisa ezi ndawo zokuhlala, kuqhekeza yonke inkqubo yendalo kuze kuphazamise uthungelwano oluntsonkothileyo lwebhayoloji.
Enye inkonzo ebalulekileyo enikelwa ngamahlathi yile Umjikelo wamanzi. Imithi ifunxa amanzi ngeengcambu zayo ize iwakhuphele emoyeni ngokuphefumla. Lo mjikelo unceda ukugcina ukulingana kokufuma kunye nokulawula imvula, ukuphepha izikhukhula kunye nembalela egqithisileyo. Ukususwa kwamahlathi akuchaphazeli kuphela ukufumaneka kwamanzi ahlambulukileyo, kodwa kukhawuleza ukulahleka komhlaba ocebileyo. Ngaphandle kokhuseleko lwemithi, imihlaba iba sesichengeni sokhukuliseko kwaye ilahlekelwe zizondlo ezixabisekileyo.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwamahlathi kunye nolawulo lwemvula
Omnye weyona misebenzi ibalulekileyo yemithi umphumo wenguqu, inkqubo apho amanzi amaninzi ahamba ukusuka emhlabeni ukuya emoyeni ngamagqabi emithi. Lo mjikelo ubalulekile ukuze kune imvula, njengoko umphunga wamanzi ujika ube ngamafu aze avelise imvula. Ngaphandle kokhuselo lwezityalo olubonelelwa ngamahlathi, ulawulo lokuna kwemvula luchaphazeleka kakhulu.
Xa imvula iyancipha, imiphumo yezinto eziphilayo nezolimo iba yintlekele. Imimandla engenamithi isengozini yokuba Iintlango, ekubeni umhlaba uphelelwa ngamandla awo okugcina amanzi. Ukuba yintlango akuchaphazeli kuphela izityalo nezilwanyana zasekuhlaleni, kodwa kukwabeka emngciphekweni uluntu ngokunciphisa ukufumaneka kwamanzi okusela.
Oyena nobangela uphambili wokugawulwa kwamahlathi
Oonobangela bokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi bahluka kakhulu phakathi kwemimandla, kodwa ezona nkalo ziphambili ukwanda kwezolimo, imfuyo, ukugawulwa kwemithi nemililo. Kwiindawo ezininzi, abalimi bagawula amahlathi ukuze benze umhlaba wezityalo okanye amadlelo emfuyo. Ukunyuka kwemfuno yeoli yesundu, iimbotyi zesoya kunye nenyama yenkomo kukhokelele ekutshatyalalisweni kweendawo ezininzi zamahlathi emvula eLatin America, kuMzantsi-mpuma weAsia naseAfrika.
Ukutshintsha kokusetyenziswa komhlaba kwezolimo kukwashenxisa amawaka eentlobo zezilwanyana. Imililo yamahlathi, edla ngokucetywa ukucoca umhlaba, ngomnye unobangela obalulekileyo kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi uphuncuka kulawulo, usenziwa mandundu kukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nexesha elide lembalela. Le mililo ayitshabalalisi izityalo kuphela, kodwa ikwanegalelo elikhulu ekukhutshweni kweCO2.
Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi eAmazon
I-Amazon basin, eyaziwa ngokuba yi- umphunga weplanethi, usoloko esongelwa ngokugecwa kwamahlathi. Lo mmandla mkhulu, ulikhaya eliphantse libe yi-10% yeentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana zehlabathi, uye waphantsi kokutshatyalaliswa okukhulu ukuze kuvuleleke ithuba lokufuya nokuxhatshazwa kwezolimo.
IBrazil, elona lizwe likhulu kuMzantsi Merika, ikwangoyena nobangela wokugawulwa kwamahlathi kulo mmandla. Ukufuya imfuyo ngokubanzi kunye nokulinywa kwesoya zezona zinto ziqhuba ukugawulwa kwemithi eAmazon. Uhlaza lweTropiki emhlabeni jikelele lubambisa ngaphezulu I-200,000 yezigidi zeetoni zekhabhoni ngonyaka. Nangona kunjalo, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezi nkqubo zendalo kuthetha izixa ezikhulu zekhabhoni ebuyela emoyeni, nto leyo enegalelo kutshintsho lwemozulu yehlabathi.
Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi eSpain?
ESpeyin, kuye kwakho ulwando kwimimandla enamahlathi kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Ngokungafaniyo neminye imimandla yehlabathi, ISpeyin iye yanda ihlathi layo ngama-20% kule minyaka ilikhulu idlulileyo. Oku kungenxa, ngokuyinxenye, kukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwezolimo, njengoko iYurophu iqalisile ukungenisa umlinganiselo omkhulu wokutya kwayo.
Nangona oku kwanda kummandla wamahlathi kuluphawu oluhle, akusoloko kuthetha ukuba amahlathi atyebileyo kwizinto eziphilayo. Ngokomzekelo, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba amahlathi atyalwe ukuze kuhlaziywe amahlathi adla ngokungabi nazintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo yaye anexabiso eliphantsi lokuzonwabisa.
Iziphumo zokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi
Imiphumo yokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi itshabalalisa ihlabathi. Ukulahleka kwamahlathi kwandisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse, kuqinisa kutshintsha kwe mozulu. Ngaphezu koko, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kufak’ isandla ekulahlekeni kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Njengoko iindawo ezihlala izilwanyana nezityalo ziphela, iintlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo zijamelene nokuphela.
Ukhukuliseko lomhlaba sesinye isiphumo esibalulekileyo. Imihlaba engenazityalo iba lula kukhukuliseko, iphulukane nezondlo ezibalulekileyo ekukhuleni kwezityalo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, umhlaba owonakeleyo awusakwazi ukuxhasa umsebenzi wezolimo, nto leyo ebeka uxinzelelo olwandisiweyo kwimimandla eseleyo yamahlathi.
Ekugqibeleni, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kukwachaphazela uluntu. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngeenxa zonke I-25% yabemi behlabathi Ixhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo kwimithombo yehlathi ukuze iphile. Ukugawulwa kwemithi ngokungakhethiyo kunokukhokelela ekufudukeni ngenkani kwabantu bomthonyama kunye neengxabano eziphathelele ukusetyenziswa komhlaba.
Njengoko inkulungwane yama-21 iqhubela phambili, umlo ochasene nokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi uye waba ngumngeni obalulekileyo kumlo ochasene nokutshintsha kwemozulu nokugcinwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo. Ukongezelela kwizenzo zasekuhlaleni, imigudu yamazwe ngamazwe njengaleyo ikhuthazwa yiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ifuna ukukhuthaza ulawulo oluzinzileyo lwemithombo yamahlathi nokubuyiselwa kweendawo ezonakeleyo. Ukufezekisa ezi njongo, intsebenziswano phakathi koorhulumente, imibutho kunye noluntu ngokubanzi lubalulekile.
IPENISI YOKUGQIBELA
Ngeenjongo zokubhalisa, ngowuphi owona mhla wokupapashwa kweli nqaku?