I-Nuclear (22,6%), umoya (19,2%) namandla okubaselwa ngamalahle (17,4%) ibizezona teknoloji ziphezulu zintathu zokuvelisa umbane ngo-2017. ibhalansi yayo yachatshazelwa yimiba yemozulu kunye nezopolitiko.
Imbalela emandla, kunye namadama angama-38% obuninzi bawo, inike uvuselelo kusetyenziso lwamalahle. Imvula encinci inciphise igalelo lokuveliswa kwehydraulic ukuya kwi-7,3% yetotali yenkqubo yombane. Lo mcimbi unyanzelise imfuno yokuba kuthotywe ngamalahle kunye negesi, nto leyo ethe yanegalelo kwi-31,1%, oko kukuthi, phantse isithathu semfuno yamandla ngelo xesha.
Ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokusebenzisa amalahle amaninzi, nto leyo ethetha ukwanda kwemveliso yamandla, oku kukwaze nokwanda okukhulu kokukhutshwa kwegesi eluhlaza, ngakumbi i-CO2, ephikisana nezibophelelo zezendalo zaseSpain kwizivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana neseParis.
Enye into ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo kukungabikho kokukhula kwisakhono esifakelweyo samandla ahlaziyekayo. Ngo-2017, ezi zimele i-33,7% yemveliso yombane, ukuhla xa kuthelekiswa ne-40,8% ebhalisiweyo ngo-2016. , umongameli weRenovables Foundation.
Akukho nkqubela phambili yenziwayo kutshintsho lwexesha elizayo
UPedro Linares, uprofesa weSebe lezaMandla kunye noZinzo kwiYunivesithi yasePontifical yaseComillas, wagxininisa ukuba ukuguqulwa kwamandla eSpain kubonisa iimpawu zokuvala. Ukuxhomekeka kumanzi emvula njengomthombo wokuvelisa amandla ngumngcipheko omkhulu, ngakumbi ngamaxesha embalela. Ukunqongophala kwemvula kunye notyalo-mali olunyiniweyo kufakelo olutsha oluhlaziyekayo lushiye inkqubo yombane yaseSpain ineendlela ezimbalwa ezizezinye kumafutha efosili.
Ingxaki igxininiswa ngakumbi xa ukuveliswa kwe-hydraulic, ngokuqhelekileyo enye yeyona teknoloji icocekileyo, ifumana ukuhla okukhulu. Ngalo mqondo, amaziko ombane obushushu obubaswe ngamalahle, kunye nerhasi, iba yinto eyimfuneko, nto leyo iguqulela ekunyukeni kokukhutshwa kweCO2. UNjingalwazi uLinares ulumkisa ukuba le meko ayinakugcinwa kwixesha elide kwaye utshintsho lwemozulu lungenza umthamo ophantsi we-hydraulic ube yinto eqhubekayo kwixesha elizayo.
Ukulungisa lo mkhwa, i-Linares iphakamisa ukuba iSpeyin iphuhlise isicwangciso sexesha elide esijoliswe ekutshintsheni ngokuthe ngcembe ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle kwaye, kamva, igesi enemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo, kunye nenjongo yokugqibela yokufezekisa i-decarbonization epheleleyo yenkqubo yombane.
Indima yabadlali bezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho kwinguqu yamandla
Abasemagunyeni, kunye neengcaphephe zecandelo lezamandla, bayavuma ukuba uthintelo olukhoyo kufuneka lwaphulwe kwindlela eya kutshintsho lwamandla oluzinzileyo nokuxhomekeka kancinci kumafutha efosili. Nangona kunjalo, kukho imiqobo emininzi, efana ne-oligopolies yamandla kunye nezinto ezinomdla ezizingqongileyo, ezenza kube nzima ukutshintsha imodeli.
Iingcali ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba uphuhliso lwamandla ahlaziyekayo kufuneka lukhawuleziswe ukuze kuthintelwe amalahle kunye negesi ukuba ingaqhubeki ibe zizicombululo ezikhawulezileyo xa kukho ukungabikho kwamanzi. Balatha kumzekelo wamazwe athile aseYurophu afana neDenmark, iJamani neNetherlands, angayekanga ukutyala imali ekuphuculeni iinkqubo zawo zombane. La mazwe afuna ukuwayeka amafutha efosili kunye namandla enyukliya athande inkqubo esekelwe phantse ngokupheleleyo kumandla ahlaziyekayo.
Ngokukodwa, iingenelo zokuya kumzekelo wophuhliso osekelwe kumandla ahlaziyekayo ziquka ukwehla okuphawulekayo kokukhutshwa kwe-greenhouse, ukuzimela okukhulu kwamandla, ukucuthwa kweendleko zexesha elide kunye nobunkokeli bezoqoqosho behlabathi obunxulumene nobuchwepheshe obucocekileyo.
Iifandesi ze-Carbonless mega kunye namaxabiso e-pool
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uRhulumente waseSpain uye wakhuthaza iifandesi zamandla ukunikezela ngeeprojekthi ezintsha ezivuselelekayo. Le nkqubo ivumele iimegawatts ezintsha ezingama-2020 zamandla ahlaziyekayo ukuba zifikelelwe ngo-8.737, nto leyo eyanceda ukukhokela injongo yokuphumeza amandla angama-20% ahlaziyekayo ngaloo nyaka, ngokuhambelana neSivumelwano saseParis.
Ngokuphathelele amaxabiso e-pool, okwangoku, ukuveliswa kombane kuneendleko eziqikelelwayo ze-euro ezingama-53 ngeyure yeemegawathi (MWh). Nangona kunjalo, kweminye imimandla yehlabathi, njengaseMexico, amaxabiso aye aphantsi kakhulu, malunga ne-17 yeeuro kwi-MWh nganye kwifandesi yamva nje, eqaqambisa amandla okukhuphisana kwezinto ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe xa zisasazwa ngomlinganiselo omkhulu.
Ngaphandle kolu kuqhubela phambili, iingcali ezininzi zecandelo zichaza ukuba ukuvela kwe-100% kumxube wamandla ahlaziyekayo kusacotha. Ubuchwephesha obufana nelanga nomoya bukwinqanaba elimileyo xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe, kwaye ukungabikho kwezicwangciso ezibambekayo zokuphelisa ngokusisigxina amalahle nenyukliya kusengumngeni omkhulu.
Ikamva lenkqubo yombane kunye nesidingo sokubuyisela imodeli
Imeko yangoku ibeka imeko enzima, apho amandla avuselelekayo, nangona ekhula, akakwazi ukuhlangabezana nemfuno ngokupheleleyo. Ukunqongophala kwenkqubela phambili kwitekhnoloji yokugcina amandla kukuthintelwa okusinyanzela ukuba sibhenele kwizityalo zamalahle kunye negesi ye-thermal ngamaxesha anzima.
Kwelinye icala, amandla enyukliya ayaqhubeka ukuba ngumthombo ophambili kumxube wamandla waseSpain. Abaxhasi bobu buchwepheshe bathi ukhuseleko nokuthembeka kwemizi-mveliso yamandla enyukliya kubalulekile ukugcina ulungelelwano lwenkqubo ngeli lixa usiya ngakwi-decarbonization.
Ukujonga kwixesha elizayo, utyalo-mali luqhubeka lujolise ekuphuhliseni ukugcinwa kwezinto ezinkulu, ezifana neebhetri kunye nobuchwepheshe bokupompa i-hydraulic, okuvumela ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwinkqubo yombane. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba nje obu bugcisa bungekaphuhli ngokupheleleyo, ukuxhomekeka kumafutha efosili kuya kuqhubeka kuyinyani kwixesha elifutshane.
Kubalulekile ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu kunye nezigqibo zoshishino zikhawulezise le nkqubo, ukuqinisekisa ikamva lamandla elizinzileyo, elicocekileyo nelifikelelekayo kumntu wonke. Ngoku kunanini na ngaphambili, utshintsho olusingise kumxube wamandla osekelwe ikakhulu kwizinto ezihlaziyiweyo zombini lithuba kunye nesidingo esikhoyo.
Njengoko imfuno yombane iqhubeka ikhula kwaye iteknoloji ehlaziyiweyo iphucula, into ephambili iya kuba kukuxhasa ukuthunyelwa kwabo ngokusebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo enomdla kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwezisombululo zokugcina eziqinisekisa ukuzinza kweenkqubo zombane.