El amalahle, umthombo osetyenziswa ngokubanzi wamandla efosili, uhlala ungundoqo kwi-matrix yamandla ehlabathi, nangona iinzame ezikhulayo zokunciphisa impembelelo yayo yendalo. Nangona abaninzi beyijonga njengesixhobo sexesha elidlulileyo, inyaniso kukuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwihlabathi kuyaqhubeka ukunyuka, ngokukodwa ngenxa yoqoqosho olusakhulayo olufana neChina neIndiya. Le mfuno yamandla ityhala amalahle ukuba athathe indawo esembindini kwiinzame zokuqinisekisa umbane kunye nokuhanjiswa kobushushu.
Kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, eminye imithombo yamandla efana petroleum kunye igesi yendalo baye bafumana ukuguquguquka kumanqanaba okusebenzisa kwabo. Ngokwengxelo ka I-Enerdata, ukususela ngo-2008, amalahle adlule ioli kumazwe amaninzi e-G20. Ngo-2008, amalahle amele malunga ne-27% yokusetyenziswa kwamandla, ngelixa i-oyile ithatha i-35%. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-2013, amalahle anyuse isabelo sawo ukuya kwi-34%, ngelixa ukusetyenziswa kwe-oyile kwancitshiswa ukuya kwi-29%, kwaye igesi igcine isabelo sayo malunga ne-20%. Ngaphandle koku, amalahle asengowona mthombo wokukhutshwa kwegesi yegreenhouse.
Impembelelo yamalahle kwi-Global CO2 Emissions
Ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle kuseyenye yezizathu eziphambili zokwanda kokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kwihlabathi jikelele CO2. Ngoku ka I-Arhente yaMandla yaMazwe ngaMazwe (IEA), phakathi kwe-60% kunye ne-67% yokukhula kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ukususela ngo-2000 kubangelwe kukutshiswa kwamalahle ombane kunye nokuveliswa kobushushu. Ukunyuka kwemfuno yamandla kumazwe anje nge China kunye ne India kuqhube oku kukhutshwa, nto leyo eyenza ukuba amalahle aqhubeke nokuba yeyona nto iphambili kwingxaki yemozulu.
Ngo-2023, izinto ezikhutshwayo zehlabathi zifikelele kumanqanaba erekhodi, nto leyo eyothusayo xa kuqwalaselwa izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana ne Isivumelwano saseParis. Ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle kumazwe asakhasayo ngoqoqosho sesinye sezizathu ezibangela oku kwanda kokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo. Ngokomzekelo, e-China, ngaphezu kwe-4.250 yeetoni zeebhiliyoni zatshiswa ngo-2023 kuphela, kubalwa ngaphezu kwe-50% yokusetyenziswa kwamalahle emhlabeni jikelele.
Umahluko kwiNgingqi ekuSetyenzisweni kwamalahle
Ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle kwahluka kakhulu phakathi kwemimandla eyahlukeneyo yehlabathi. Ngoxa amanye amazwe ezifana EUnited States kunye nezizwe ezininzi ze Europe (iSpain, i-Italiya, i-Great Britain) baye banciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwabo kumalahle ngokuthanda imithombo ehlaziyiweyo kunye negesi yendalo, ezinye ezifana ne-China, i-Indiya kunye neninzi ye-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia ziye zandisa ukusetyenziswa kwazo.
Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle e-United States kwehle malunga ne-20% ngo-2023, umkhwa obonwa nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uqoqosho olufana neTshayina neIndiya luqhubekile luxhomekeke kakhulu kwesi sixhobo. Ngo-2023, i-China ibala ngaphezu kwe-54% yokusetyenziswa kwehlabathi, iqhuba ukwanda kweetoni ze-220 yezigidi, ngelixa i-India yandisa ukuxhomekeka kwayo kumalahle nge-8%, umboniso ocacileyo wokukhula okuqhubekayo koshishino kunye nemfuno yombane. Emazantsi-mpuma e-Asia, iVietnam yandise ukusetyenziswa kwayo nge-25% ngonyaka omnye.
Izizathu zokonyuka kokusetyenziswa kwamalahle
Ngaphandle kwemizamo yokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kumalahle, kukho izinto ezininzi eziqhube ukusetyenziswa kwawo kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Esinye sezizathu eziphambili kuku ukungazinzi kwamandla iveliswe ngenxa yeziganeko zehlabathi ezifana nobhubhani we-COVID-19 kunye ne imfazwe e-Ukraine. Elokuqala livelise ukwanda ngesiquphe kwemfuno yombane ngenxa yokuvuswa koqoqosho, ngeli lixa elesibini labangela ingxaki kwiimarike zegesi yendalo, nto leyo ekhokelele amazwe amaninzi ukuba abuyele kumalahle njengenye indlela enexabiso eliphantsi.
Enye into ephambili ibe yi ukungathembeki kwamandla ahlaziyekayo kumazwe anoguquguquko oluphezulu lwemozulu. Kwimimandla emininzi yase-Asiya, efana ne-China ne-Indiya, ukuveliswa kombane ophantsi kwamanzi kunye neengxaki zokwandisa umthamo wamandla acocekileyo kunyanzelise ukuba kuqhubeke ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle njengowona mthombo uphambili wokuvelisa umbane.
Ikamva lamalahle
Ngaphandle kokukhula kweenkxalabo zokusingqongileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle kukhangeleka kuza kuqhubeka nokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuveliseni umbane nakwishishini. I I-AIE iqikelele ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle kuya kufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu ngo-2023, kunye neetoni ezingaphezulu kwe-8.500 yeebhiliyoni ezitshisiweyo. Umkhwa, nangona kunjalo, ukhomba ekuncipheni okuqhubela phambili ukusuka ku-2024, njengoko amandla avuselelekayo eqala ukuyibuyisela.
Kumazwe amaninzi aphuhlileyo, njenge EUnited States, EJapan kunye nezizwe ezinkulu zaseYurophu, zithatha amanyathelo aqinileyo okunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kumalahle. Ngokomzekelo, iUnited States iye yazibekela usukelo lokuphelisa amaziko amalahle ngowama-2035. Ngokufanayo, iJapan, nangona isenomthengi omkhulu, iye yabhengeza ukuba iza kuyivala kwangaloo mini inye yezityalo zayo zamalahle.
I-China kunye ne-Indiya, ngaphandle kokuba ngabona bathengi bakhulu, nabo baqalisile ukutyala imali kakhulu amandla ahlaziyekayo. E-Indiya, ukuxhomekeka kwamalahle kulindeleke ukuba kuhla ngokukhawuleza ekupheleni kweminyaka elishumi, ngelixa i-China iye yazisa izicwangciso zokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengenxalenye yenjongo yayo yokufezekisa ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngo-2060.
Kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba, nangona uqikelelo lubonisa ukuhla kokusetyenziswa kwamalahle, ukusetyenziswa kwawo kuya kuqhubeka kungumba ofanelekileyo kwiminyaka ezayo. Utshintsho aluyi kukhawuleza okanye lube lula, ngakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo apho ukufikelela kwiiteknoloji ezicocekileyo kulinganiselwe. Nangona kunjalo, ngokunyuka okukhulu kwamandla ahlaziyekayo kunye nemimiselo engqongqo, kunokwenzeka ukubona ukwehla kwehlabathi jikelele ekusebenziseni lo mthombo wamandla kunye, kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi enegalelo ekutshintsheni kwemozulu.