Izixhobo zeGolgi: Umsebenzi, iimpawu kunye nokubaluleka kwazo kwiiseli

  • Izixhobo zeGolgi ziqhuba kwaye zisasaze iiprotheni kunye neelipids kwiiseli ze-eukaryotic.
  • Ikwahlulwe kwiindawo ezintathu eziphambili: iCis, i-medial kunye neTrans-Golgi.
  • Idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuselweni kweeseli, ukwenziwa kweeprotheyini kunye nokulungiswa kwenwebu.
  • Ukungasebenzi kwayo kunxulumene nezifo ezininzi ezinzulu zofuzo.
indima yokubaluleka kwesixhobo se-golgi

El Izixhobo zeGolgi Yenye yezona organelles ezibalulekileyo zeeseli ze-eukaryotic. Yenza inxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo ye-endometrine kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhleleni, ukuguqulwa kunye nokusabalalisa iimolekyuli ezahlukeneyo ngaphakathi kweseli. Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwayo, abantu abaninzi abazi ngokweenkcukacha ukuba le organelle isebenza njani, iimpawu zayo kunye nefuthe lokungasebenzi kwayo emzimbeni.

Kweli nqaku, siza kuchaza yonke into ofuna ukuyazi malunga ne umsebenzi wesixhobo seGolgi, isakhiwo sayo, ukubaluleka kwayo kwiiseli kunye nokufaneleka kwayo kwizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Yintoni isixhobo saseGolgi?

umsebenzi wesixhobo seGolgi

El Izixhobo zeGolgi Yi-organelle ekhoyo kuzo zonke iiseli ze-eukaryotic. Ngokuyintloko, inoxanduva lokucubungula kunye nokuthuthwa kweeprotheni kunye ne-lipids kwiseli. Ikwabizwa ngokuba I-Golgi complex o i-dictasome kwizityalo, nangona onke amagama ebhekisa kwisakhiwo esifanayo.

Ifumaneka kufutshane ne-cell nucleus kunye ne-endoplasmic reticulum, izixhobo ze-Golgi zisebenza njengohlobo "lwesityalo sokupakisha" ngaphakathi kweseli. Ifumana i-vesicles elayishwe ngeeprotheni kunye ne-lipids ehlanganiswe kwi-endoplasmic reticulum, iguqule njengoko kuyimfuneko, kwaye emva koko isasazeke kwiindawo zabo zokugqibela kwi-cytoplasm okanye ngaphandle kweseli.

Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweseli, le organelle inokuquka inani eliguquguqukayo leesacules okanye amaqula, ezifakwe kwi-disc-like membranous structures eziqulethe iiprotheni ezahlukeneyo okanye i-lipids. Kwiiseli zezityalo, kunokubakho amakhulu ezixhobo ze-Golgi ezisasazwe kwi-cytoplasm, ngelixa iiseli zezilwanyana zihlala ziphakathi kwe-10 kunye ne-20 ngeseli nganye.

Esi sixhobo saqala ukuchazwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 saza sathiywa ngesazinzulu saseItali Camillo Golgi, owabhala ubume bayo ngokweenkcukacha. Ngokusetyenziswa kwemikroskopu ye-electron kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-20, ukuchaneka kobungqina bakhe kwaqinisekiswa.

Ubume bezixhobo zeGolgi

Izixhobo zeGolgi zinokwahlulwa zibe yimimandla emithathu eyahlukileyo yokusebenza:

  • Ingingqi yeCis-Golgi: Elona likufutshane kwi-endoplasmic reticulum. Lo mmandla ufumana i-vesicles ethwele iiproteni kunye ne-lipids ezisanda kwenziwa kwi-reticulum.
  • Ummandla oPhakathi: Uninzi lweemolekyuli ezithuthwayo zenzeke apha, ezifana nokongezwa kweecarbohydrates okanye iphosphates kwiiprotheni.
  • Ummandla weTrans-Golgi: Eli candelo likufutshane kwi-membrane yeplasma kwaye ilungiselela i-vesicles ukuba ithunyelwe kwiindawo zabo ezithile ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle kweseli.

I-cisternae eyenza izixhobo ze-Golgi zidibaniswe ngamatyhubhu kunye ne-vesicles ezihambisa iiprotheni kunye ne-lipids kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-organelle. Olu nxibelelwano luvumela ulwahlulo olucwangcisiweyo kunye nokuguqulwa kweeamolekyu kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo.

ubume bezixhobo zeGolgi

Inani le-cisternae kwisixhobo ngasinye se-Golgi liyaguquguquka, kwaye linokuba phakathi kwe-4 kunye ne-8 kwiimeko ezininzi, nangona ezinye iiseli zinee-cisternae ezipakishweyo ukuya kuma-60. Ngamnye unomsebenzi othile ekuqhubeni nasekuguquleni iimolekyuli. I-cisternae ibanjwe kunye ne-matrix yeeprotheyini ze-fibrous ezibonelela ngokuzinza kwesakhiwo.

Umsebenzi weGolgi Apparatus

inkqubo ye-endometrium

El Izixhobo zeGolgi Idlala imisebenzi emininzi ephambili kwiseli, eyona ibalulekileyo kukuhlela, ukuguqulwa kunye nokupakishwa kweeprotheyini kunye neelipids ezifika zivela kwiseli. i-endoplasmic reticulum. Ngezantsi sidwelisa imisebenzi yayo ephambili:

  • Guqula iiprotheni kunye neelipids: Ekufikeleleni kwi-apparatus ye-Golgi, iiprotheni ezininzi kunye ne-lipids zihlaziywa ukuguqulwa kweekhemikhali ezifana ne-glycosylation, i-phosphorylation kunye ne-sulfation, eziyimfuneko ukuze ezi molekyuli zifumane isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi wazo.
  • Yenza i-vesicles eyimfihlo: Izixhobo ze-Golgi zipakisha iiprotheni ezisandul 'ukuguqulwa kunye ne-lipids kwii-vesicles eziye zihanjiswe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeseli okanye zikhutshwe ngaphandle kweseli nge-exocytosis.
  • Ukukhutshwa kwe-Glycoprotein: Isixhobo seGolgi sikwakhupha iiproteni ezineglucose kunye nezinye iicarbohydrates.
  • Ukuveliswa kweLysosome: I-Lysosomes, i-organelles ejongene nokugaya iselula, yenziwe kwiiprotheni ezipakishwe yi-Golgi apparatus.

Inkalo enomdla yomsebenzi wayo kukuba ii-vesicles eziveliswayo zinokuba neenjongo ezahlukeneyo:

  • Ii-vesicles zemfihlo ezisisiseko: Ezi vesicles zithutha iiproteni eziza kukhululwa ngaphakathi kwiseli ngenkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-exocytosis. Iiprotheyini ezikhutshiweyo zinokusebenza kwindawo engaphandle kweseli.
  • Ukulawulwa kwee-vesicles zemfihlo: Nangona zikwajongwe ukukhulula iiprotheni ngaphandle kweseli, ezi vesicles zigcinwa ngaphakathi kwiseli de kufunyenwe umqondiso othile obangela i-exocytosis yabo.
  • i-lysosomal vesicles: Ezi vesicles zithutha iiprotheni zokugaya kwii-lysosomes, ezijongene nokuphula izinto ezingaphandle kweeseli okanye inkunkuma yeselula.

Indlela yothutho kwisixhobo seGolgi

Uthutho lweprotheyini ngezixhobo zeGolgi lulandela iimodeli ezininzi zethiyori. Nangona ingacacanga ngokupheleleyo ukuba le nkqubo yenzeka njani, kucetywa iimodeli ezimbini eziphambili:

  • Imodeli yokuvuthwa kwetanki: Ngokwale thiyori, i-cisternae ishukuma kwaye ivuthiwe njengoko iqhubela phambili ukuya kwingingqi yeTrans-Golgi, ithatha kunye neeprotheni kunye ne-lipids eziziquletheyo.
  • Imodeli yothutho lweVesicular: Kulo mzekelo, i-Golgi iyisakhiwo esizinzile, kwaye iiprotheni zihanjiswa phakathi kwe-cisternae ngokusebenzisa i-vesicles ezithwala ukusuka kwelinye igumbi ukuya kwelinye.

Kungenzeka ukuba zombini iinkqubo zinokuthi zenzeke ngaxeshanye, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweseli kunye nohlobo lweeprotheni ezifuna ukuthuthwa.

Ukubaluleka kwezixhobo zeGolgi kunye nobudlelwane nezifo

Ukubaluleka kwezixhobo zeGolgi

Umsebenzi ochanekileyo wezixhobo zeGolgi ubalulekile ekusindeni kweeseli nakwiinkqubo ezininzi zefiziyoloji ezenzeka emzimbeni. Nangona kunjalo, iziphene kule organelle zinokubangela izifo ezinzulu.

Omnye wemizekelo emihle ngu mucolipidosis II, isifo esinqabileyo sofuzo esichaphazela umatshini wokuqaphela iiprotheyini kwizixhobo zeGolgi. Kwesi sifo, i-lysosomes ayikwazi ukwenza ukugaya kwamaselula ngokufanelekileyo ngenxa yokunqongophala kweeprotheyini ezithile ezibalulekileyo, ezibangela ukwakhiwa kwezinto ezingaxutywanga. Esi sifo sidla ngokubulala umntu osemncinane.

Ezinye iziphazamiso eziye zanxulunyaniswa nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwezixhobo zeGolgi ziquka Isifo seAngelman, la I-Ducheme muscular dystrophy kunye nezinye iintlobo zomhlaza. Kukholelwa ukuba iziphene kwintlangano ye-Golgi cisternae okanye iindlela ze-vesicular zinokuba noxanduva kwezi ngxaki.

Isixhobo seGolgi sidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhubeni nasekuthuthweni kweeprotheyini kunye nelipids kwiiseli ze-eukaryotic. Ngomsebenzi wayo wombutho, ivumela iiseli ukuba zigcine ukwakheka kwazo, zinxibelelane omnye nomnye, kwaye ziphendule kwimiqondiso yangaphandle. Xa le organelle ingaphumeleli, imiphumo ingaba yingozi kwaye idibene nezifo ezinokuthi zibulale.


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