El amalahle Ihlala ingumthombo wamandla ophambili nangona ingumthombo ojongene nokuncipha kokusetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe. Ngo-2006, ibimele i-25% yawona mandla aphambili ehlabathi, inani elonyuke laya kutsho kuma-29.6% ngo-2012. Kungoku nje, malunga ne-184.000 yeekhilogram zamalahle asetyenziswa ngomzuzwana, nto leyo elingana neetoni ezimalunga ne-5.8 yeebhiliyoni zesi simbiwa ezitshiswa qho ngonyaka. . Le mfuno ihlala iphezulu kumazwe afana neTshayina neIndiya, apho amalahle eyimfuneko ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo zamandla ezikhulayo.
Oovimba bamalahle ehlabathini
Oovimba abaqinisekisiweyo be amalahle Baye batshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha. Phakathi kuka-1999 kunye no-2005, uqikelelo lobomi obuluncedo koovimba behlabathi buhambe ukusuka kwi-227 ukuya kwi-144 iminyaka. Ngoku, oovimba bamalahle behlabathi baphakathi kwe-860.000 kunye ne-984.000 yezigidi zeetoni, ezisasazwe kumazwe angaphezu kwama-70. Amalahle ngumthombo wamandla osasazwe ngokubanzi ngokwejografi, evumela uzinzo lwamaxabiso xa kuthelekiswa namanye amafutha.
Awona mazwe makhulu ngokwemiqathango yoovimba yi-United States, eneetoni ezingaphezu kwe-248.000 yeebhiliyoni, iRashiya i-162.000 yezigidigidi kunye ne-China kunye ne-143.000 yezigidigidi. Amanye amazwe afana ne-Australia, i-Indiya, iJamani kunye noMzantsi Afrika nawo anezixa ezibalulekileyo zoovimba. La manani aqinisekisa ukubonelelwa kwamalahle ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-200 ukuba usetyenziso lwangoku luhlala luzinzile.
Amazwe aphambili avelisa kunye nasebenzisayo amalahle
El amalahle Ingumthombo obalulekileyo kumazwe amaninzi, kunye neChina ingoyena mvelisi nomthengi mkhulu ehlabathini, ilandelwa yiIndiya neMelika. I-China yenza ngaphezu kwe-50% yemveliso yamalahle yehlabathi, imele uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lwezityalo zoshishino lwamalahle, nangona izibophelelo zayo zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2. I-Indiya, inxalenye yayo, ilandela i-China ngokusondeleyo ngokubhekiselele kwimveliso, nangona incinci kakhulu.
Ngokubhekiselele koovimba bamalahle behlabathi, la mazwe alandelayo abalasele:
- EUnited States: 248.000 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni (23% yoovimba behlabathi).
- IRashiya: iitoni ze-162.000 yezigidigidi (i-16% yeendawo zokugcina umhlaba).
- I-China: i-143.000 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni (i-12% yoovimba behlabathi).
- I-Australia kunye noMzantsi Afrika: abadlali ababalulekileyo kwimarike yamalahle yehlabathi, enkosi koovimba babo abaninzi.
Iintlobo zamalahle kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze amalahle ezihlelwa ngokomxholo wekhabhoni kunye neempawu zamandla. Ezi zenziwa ngokusuka kwizityalo ezivaleleke kwimigxobhozo phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye namaqondo obushushu kumakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka.
- UAntracita: Inomxholo ophezulu wekhabhoni (85%) kwaye iyona nto isebenzayo kwimveliso yokushisa. Isetyenziswe kwiibhoyili zoshishino kunye nokufudumeza.
- Ibhituminous: Inomxholo wekhabhoni ophakathi (45-86%) kwaye isetyenziswe ngokukodwa kwimveliso yombane kunye nentsimbi.
- I-subbituminous: Ininzi kakhulu kwaye isetyenziswa ikakhulu ukuvelisa umbane ngenxa yokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla.
- Lignite: Eyaziwa ngokuba ngamalahle amdaka, inomxholo ophantsi wekhabhoni kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizityalo zamandla ezikufutshane neediphozithi zokunciphisa iindleko zokuthutha.
Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yokusetyenziswa kwamalahle
Ukusetyenziswa kwe amalahle Ngomnye wemithombo ephambili ye-CO2 ekhutshwayo ehlabathini, emele ukuya kuthi ga kwi-40% yezinto ezikhutshwayo ezinxulumene namandla ehlabathi. Le ngxaki iyaqhubeka nangona kukho iinzame zamazwe ngamazwe, ezifana neSivumelwano saseParis, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kunye nokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ukongeza kwi-CO2, ukutshiswa kwamalahle kuvelisa ezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ezifana ne-sulfur dioxide (SO2) kunye ne-nitrogen oxides (NOx), enegalelo kwimvula ye-asidi kunye nezinye iingxaki zokusingqongileyo.
Nangona iinzame zokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe amalahle Ngokwamkelwa kobuchwepheshe obutsha, obufana nokubanjwa kwekhabhoni kunye nokugcinwa (CCS), ukutshintshela kwimithombo yamandla acocekileyo iyaqhubeka nokujongana nemingeni, ngakumbi kuqoqosho olusakhulayo oluxhomekeke kumalahle kuphuhliso lwabo loqoqosho. Iindleko kunye nokwamkelwa okucothayo kobu buchwepheshe kwenza kube nzima ukunciphisa kakhulu iimpembelelo zamalahle kwixesha elifutshane.
Ikamva le amalahle ihlala ingaqinisekanga, kodwa kucacile ukuba ihlala ibalulekile kumazwe amaninzi. Njengoko ihlabathi lisiya kwimithombo ezinzileyo yamandla, ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kunye nophuhliso lobuchwepheshe obucocekileyo kuya kuba ngundoqo ekunciphiseni impembelelo yokusingqongileyo.