Iza kuphelelwa nini ioyile?? Lo ngumba obukhathaza uluntu kangangamashumi eminyaka, ioli iyeyona nto isetyenziswayo ehlabathini. Nangona ingumthombo wamandla obalulekileyo, oovimba be-oyile ekrwada abanasiphelo, kwaye amandla eplanethi ukuwahlaziya acotha kakhulu kunomlinganiselo osetyenziswa ngabantu. Oku kusikhokelela ekubeni sizibuze: lingakanani ixesha esinokuthembela ngalo kwioli? Kwaye kuya kwenzeka ntoni xa iphelile?
Kweli nqaku, siza kuhlolisisa iyakuphela nini ioyile, iimpawu zayo njengobuncwane bendalo obulinganiselweyo, kunye nento enokwenzeka ngokwentlalo, kwezopolitiko nakwezoqoqosho xa oovimba behlabathi bephelile.
Iimpawu zeoyile
I-Petroleum ngumxube wolwelo we-hydrocarbons osuka kwintsalela ye-organic, ikakhulu kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Xa ezi zidalwa zisifa, ziqokelelana emazantsi olwandle namachibi, zigqunywe ngokuqhubekayo yintlenga kwaye ziphantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu kunye namaqondo obushushu phantsi koqweqwe loMhlaba kwizigidi zeminyaka.
Le nkqubo yokuguqula i-organic matter ibe yi-oyile icotha kakhulu kwaye ayikwazi ukuziqhelanisa nezinga lokusetyenziswa koluntu ngoku. Nangona ioli iqhubeka kuveliswa ngokwemvelo, oko ikwenza ngexesha elingabalulekanga kwiimfuno zabantu. Oku kuthetha ukuba, nangona singekayigqibi ngokupheleleyo, siyazi ukuba uvimba we-oyile ekrwada kungekudala okanye kamva uya kufikelela esiphelweni.
Xa ikhutshwa, i-oyile ifumaneka kulwakhiwo lwamatye aziwa ngokuba yi "reservoir rocks", anemingxuma kwaye ekwaziyo ukugcina umthamo omkhulu we-oyile ekrwada. Ukusetyenziswa kwezi diphozithi kube yeyona nto iqhuba ishishini lamandla ehlabathi ngaphezulu kwenkulungwane.
Iza kuphela nini ioyile?
Ukutyhubela imbali, inkxalabo yokuba iya kuphelelwa nini ioli ibisoloko injalo. Ngeminyaka yoo-80, iimuvi ezinje ngo "Mad Max" zabonisa ikamva elingenasiphelo apho ukunqongophala kweoyile kuya kukhokelela kwisiphithiphithi. Noko ke, eso siprofeto asikhange sizaliseke kanye ngendlela ebesilindele ngayo. Kule mihla, ugxininiso lutshintshele ngakulo Kuya kude kube nini sixhomekeke kwioli? kwaye ngeliphi ixesha ihlabathi liya kuqala ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwalo ngokuzithandela.
Olona qikelelo lwamva nje lubonisa ukuba ihlabathi liya kufikelela kwincopho yemfuno yeoli phakathi kwe-2029 kunye ne-2030, ngokwe-International Energy Agency (IEA). Emva kwelo nqaku, imfuno kulindeleke ukuba iqale ukuwa ngenxa yokukhula kwamandla avuselelekayo kunye nokwanda kokusetyenziswa kwezithuthi zombane.
Nangona imfuno yeoli iqhubekile nokunyuka ukusukela oko umphanda wokuqala wamponthwa ePennsylvania ngo-1859, uqikelelo lwangoku lubonisa utshintsho lweparadigm olubhekisele ekusetyenzisweni okuphakathi kunye nokwahluka kwemithombo yamandla. Nditsho ne-OPEC, ebisoloko ingumxhasi wokuqhubeka nokusetyenziswa kweoyile, ivumile ukuba imfuno encopho inokuba kufutshane.
Ukukhutshwa kweoyile
Ukukwazi ukukhupha ioli kuphuculwe kakhulu ngenxa yenkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe. Namhlanje, oovimba banokusetyenziswa kumanzi anzulu kakhulu kwaye ubuchule obufana nokuqhekeka bunokusetyenziswa ukukhupha ioyile ekrwada kwiihydrocarbons ezingaqhelekanga ezigcinwe kulwalwa. Oku kuye kwabangela ukuba uqikelelo malunga nokuphela kweoli luhlehliswe rhoqo.
Nangona kunjalo, i-OPEC kunye neminye imibutho iyavuma ukuba ngo-2040 imfuno iya kuqala ukunciphisa ngokungenakuguqulwa. Kwimeko apho amazwe athobela izivumelwano zemozulu zaseParis zokunciphisa ukufudumala kwehlabathi, i-oyile cartel ngokwayo iqikelela ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-oyile kunokunyuka kwangaphambili, ngo-2029. Ngelo xesha, imfuno iya kufikelela kwi-100,9 yezigidi zemibhobho ngosuku kwaye emva koko yaqala ukuhla kancinci. .
Olunye uphando olunethemba ngakumbi, olufana nolo lweGrantham Institute kunye neCarbon Tracker Initiative, luqhubele phambili lo mhla ukuya kwi-2020. Ngokutsho kwezi zifundo, amandla elanga angakwazi ukugubungela i-23% yemfuno yehlabathi ngo-2040 kunye ne-29% ngo-2050, eya kuthi ngokukhawuleza. ukunciphisa imfuno yeoli.
Impembelelo yehlabathi yokuphela kweoli
Ukuncipha kweoli kuya kuba ne-a impembelelo ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwehlabathi nakwinkqubo yangoku ye-geopolitical. Ngokwemeko yezoqoqosho, amaxabiso e-oyile anganyuka ngokukhawuleza njengoko oovimba behla, nto leyo enokukhokelela ekubeni a ingxaki yamandla ehlabathi ngaphandle kwemizekelo.
Kwinqanaba lezopolitiko, i ukulwela izixhobo zokugqibela lunokuqinisa ukungavisisani phakathi kwezizwe. Ngaphaya koko, amazwe axhomekeke kakhulu kwi-oyile kuqoqosho lwawo, njengeSaudi Arabia okanye iVenezuela, anokujongana neengxaki ezinkulu zangaphakathi. Kwelinye icala, amazwe asebenzisa imithombo yawo yamandla eyahlukahlukeneyo aze anciphise ukuxhomekeka kwawo kwioli ekrwada aya kuba kwimeko elunge ngakumbi yokujamelana nokutshintsha kwamandla.
Ukongeza, ukuhla kwemveliso yeoli kuya kubangela a uhlengahlengiso lomanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe, njengoko amazwe eza kufuna intsebenziswano entsha ukuze aqinisekise ukunikezelwa kwamandla exesha elide. Ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko emhlabeni wonke kunokuba sesinye sezona ziphumo zinzima ekuya kufuneka sijongane nazo kwixesha elizayo.
Iindlela ezizezinye kwi-oyile
Ejongene nokunyamalala okungenakuthintelwa kwe-oyile njengowona mthombo ubalaseleyo wamandla, amazwe amaninzi kunye neenkampani sele ziqalisile inguqu ukuya kumandla ahlaziyekayo. Kukho iitekhnoloji ezininzi ezikwinkqubo yokuphunyezwa kunye nophuhliso:
- Amandla esola: Iiphaneli ze-Photovoltaic zikuvumela ukuba usebenzise amandla elanga ukuvelisa umbane, enye yeyona mithombo yamandla ecocekileyo enobuchule obukhulu bexesha elide. Kwiindawo ezinokukhanya okuphezulu kwelanga, lo mthombo wamandla uphunyezwa ngokubanzi.
- Amandla omoya: Iiinjini zomoya ziguqula amandla omoya abe ngamandla ombane. Amazwe afana neDenmark abonise ukusebenza kobu buchwepheshe kwinqanaba elikhulu.
- IiBiofuels: Basebenzisa i-organic matter ukuvelisa amandla, ibe yindlela enokusebenziseka kumacandelo afana nothutho olunzima kunye nokuhamba ngenqwelomoya.
- Ihydrogen eluhlaza: Iveliswe kumandla ahlaziyekayo, le mafutha yenye yezona ndlela zithembisayo zokutshintsha ioyile kuthutho olunzima kunye neshishini.
Ukutshintshela kumandla acocekileyo kunokunciphisa i-carbon footprint yehlabathi kwaye kunciphise ezinye iziphumo zokutshintsha kwemozulu. Nangona kunjalo, inguqu ayizukwenzeka ngokukhawuleza, kwaye iya kuxhomekeka kakhulu kutyalo-mali kuphando kunye nophuhliso lobu buchwepheshe.
Indima yoorhulumente
Oorhulumente badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutshintsheni kwihlabathi lasemva kwe-oyile. Imigaqo-nkqubo yamandla kunye nemozulu kufuneka iyilwe ukuze khuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo kunye nokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kumafutha efosili. Ukongeza ekudaleni inkuthazo yokuphuhliswa kobuchwepheshe obucocekileyo, oorhulumente kufuneka balawule imarike yeoli kwaye bakhuthaze intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe ukulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
La 2015 Paris Summit Yayisisiganeko esibalulekileyo kwimbali yokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu, apho amazwe amaninzi azibophelele ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse kunye nokutyala imali kumandla ahlaziyekayo. Noko ke, iinzame zokulawula ukufudumala komhlaba kufuneka ziqiniswe ukuze kuphetshwe eyona miphumo iyingozi yokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Ikamva lezothutho kunye neoli
Elinye lamacandelo aphambili apho i-oyile ibisoloko ilawula ngokwembali kukuthutha. Ngaphandle kwenkqubela phambili yokufakelwa kombane ezimotweni kunye nezinye iindlela zothutho, amacandelo afana neenqwelomoya kunye nokuhanjiswa kweenqanawa ahlala exhomekeke kakhulu kumafutha efosili.
Ngaloo ndlela, uphuhliso kwi Iibhayoloji y Amafutha okwenziwa Bamele ithuba lokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwioli kula macandelo. Ngokunjalo, ukuqhubela phambili kwezithuthi zombane, ezikhuthazwa zizixeko ezikhulu kunye nabavelisi kwihlabathi liphela, kuya kunciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwepetroli kunye nedizili kwiminyaka ezayo.
Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kumashumi eminyaka ezayo, i iziseko zokutshaja zombane kunye iibhetri ezihlala ixesha elide ibe ziinxalenye eziphambili zenguqu kwezothutho kwihlabathi liphela.
Nangona utshintsho aluyi kuba lukhawuleza, ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo, i-biofuels kunye nobunye ubuchwepheshe obuzinzileyo buya kukhokelela kwikamva ngokuxhomekeka okuncinci kwioli.
Imfuno ye-oyile, nangona izingisa kumacandelo athile, iya kuncipha ngokuthe ngcembe njengoko amashishini amaninzi kunye noorhulumente betyala imali kumandla avuselelekayo kunye neendlela ezizinzileyo. Isitshixo sokuziqhelanisa nolu tshintsho luya kuba yinto entsha, intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe kunye notyalo-mali olunoxanduva kwikamva lamandla acocekileyo.