Irhasi yendalo ngumthombo wamandla osisiseko kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Ixhaphakile kumakhaya amaninzi nakwimizi-mveliso, kodwa bambalwa abantu abazi ngokwenene apho ivela khona kwaye iguqulwa njani ibe ngamandla aluncedo. Kweli nqaku, siza kuhlola ukuba yintoni igesi yendalo, iimpawu zayo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nendlela eyichaphazela ngayo indalo.
Irhasi yendalo sisibaso sefosili, njengeoyile namalahle. Icandelo layo eliphambili yi-methane (CH4), nangona iqulethe nezinye ii-hydrocarbons ezikhanyayo ezifana ne-ethane, i-propane, i-butane kunye ne-pentane. Ezi hydrocarbons zinemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokuguquguquka, ezivumela ukuba zigcinwe kwaye zihanjiswe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Sisebenzisa ubuchule obuphezulu bejoloji kunye nomzimba, siye safunda ukuxhaphaza iidiphozithi eziphantsi komhlaba ezityebileyo kwirhasi yendalo, sibonelela ngomthombo wamandla ococekileyo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zefosili, nangona kukho iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo.
yintoni igesi yendalo?
Irhasi yendalo yenziwe kakhulu yimethane, ihydrocarbon elula enekhemikhali yeathom yekhabhoni edityaniswe kwiiathom ezine zehydrogen (CH4). Le gesi inokwenza ukuya kuma-97% erhasi yendalo, ngelixa enye yenziwe ngezinye iigesi ezifana ne-ethane (C2H6), ipropane (C3H8), i-butane (C4H10) kunye ne-nitrogen ngokomlinganiselo omncinci.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, igesi yendalo iqulethe i-85% ye-methane, i-10% ye-ethane, i-3% yepropane kunye nemitha yezinye iigesi, nto leyo eyenza ibe ngumxube oguquguqukayo ophezulu kunye nexabiso eliphezulu lamandla. I-hydrocarbons ekhoyo kwirhasi ineendawo zokubilisa eziphantsi kakhulu, ezivumela ukuba amandla akhutshwe kuzo ngokutshiswa. Ngethuba le nkqubo, i-gesi isabela nge-oksijini, ikhupha ukushisa kunye namandla esinokuwasebenzisa kwizinto ezahlukeneyo.
Ixabiso lokufudumeza kwerhasi yendalo iphezulu kakhulu, ihluka phakathi kwe-6,6 kunye ne-12 te/m3. Oku kuyenza ibe yeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo yamandla yokufudumeza kunye nokuveliswa kombane. Ukongezelela, ukuxinana kwayo okuphantsi (i-0.6 ukuya kwi-0.66 xa kuthelekiswa nomoya) ivumela ukuba, xa ikhutshwe, kube lula ukuthutha ngemibhobho yegesi kunye neenkqubo zokuhambisa.
Isetyenziselwa ntoni igesi yendalo?
Ekuqaleni, igesi yendalo yayisetyenziselwa ukukhanyisa ezixekweni, ingakumbi kwizibane zegesi, ukusetyenziswa okwathi kwanyamalala xa kufika umbane. Noko ke, kwada kwaphakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20 xa igesi yendalo yaqalisa ukusetyenziswa ngamandla kwizinto ezahlukahlukeneyo.
Usetyenziso lwangoku lwerhasi yendalo:
- Ukuveliswa kwamandla ombane: Esinye sezicelo eziphambili zegesi yendalo kwizityalo zamandla, ngokukodwa kwizityalo zomjikelo odibeneyo ezinomsebenzi ophezulu.
- Ukufudumeza: Irhasi yendalo isetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokufudumeza kuzo zombini amakhaya nakwimizi-mveliso.
- Ezothutho: Irhasi yendalo sele iqalisile ukuphunyezwa njenge amafutha ebhasi neemoto, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweegesi ezingcolisayo xa kuthelekiswa namanye amafutha afana nepetroli okanye idizili.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwamashishini: Kumashishini ahlukeneyo, igesi yendalo isetyenziselwa iziko kunye neebhoyili kwiinkqubo zokufudumeza.
ESpeyin, ukusetyenziswa kwegesi yendalo kuye kwanda kakhulu. Ngo-2008, ukusetyenziswa kwegesi kwafikelela kwi-450.726 GWh, emele i-24% yamandla aphambili elizwe. Oku kubonisa indima ekhulayo yegesi yendalo njengomthombo obalulekileyo wamandla kuqoqosho lwaseSpain.
Irhasi yendalo iyichaphazela njani imeko-bume?
Irhasi yendalo, nangona ingamafutha efosili, ineenzuzo ezithile ngaphezu kweminye imithombo yamandla kolu didi lunye, ukusukela oko ikhupha ikharbon diokside encinci ngexesha lokutshiswa kwayo ngaphezu kwamalahle okanye ioli. Oku kuyenza ibe lukhetho olungenabungozi kangako kubushushu behlabathi.
Nakuba kunjalo, ayikhululekanga kwiingxaki zemekobume. Ngexesha lokutsha kwegesi yendalo, i-CO2, eyi-greenhouse gas, ikhutshwa. Nangona kunjalo, enye inzuzo yegesi yendalo xa kuthelekiswa namalahle okanye ioli kukuba ayikhuphi i-sulfur dioxide, igesi ejongene nemvula ye-asidi. Ukongeza, ukutsha kwayo kukhupha ii-arhente ezimbalwa ezingcolisayo ngokubanzi.
Nangona kunjalo, eyona ngxaki inzima yokusingqongileyo kunye negesi yendalo yenzeka ngexesha lokutsalwa kwayo. I-Methane yigesi ye-greenhouse enamandla kakhulu kune-CO2, kwaye i-methane evuzayo ngexesha lokutsalwa kunye nokuthuthwa kunokuba negalelo elikhulu kutshintsho lwemozulu. Nangona oku kukhutshwayo kusezantsi kunokusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kwezibaso ezifana namalahle, yingxaki ekungafanelanga ukuba ijongelwe phantsi.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, nangona igesi yendalo ithathwa njenge amandla enguqu, kubalulekile ukuba, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo, sifune ukuphumeza amandla avuselelekayo anempembelelo ephantsi nangaphantsi kokusingqongileyo. Njengoko sisiya sisiya kuqoqosho lwe-decarbonized, igesi yendalo inokuba sisixhasi esixhasayo ngelixa ubuchwephesha obucocekileyo, obusebenza ngakumbi buphuhliswa.
Enye inkalo emayithathelwe ingqalelo kukusetyenziswa kwerhasi yendalo kwezinye zeenkqubo ezintsha zothutho. Iibhasi kunye neelori ezihamba kwigesi yendalo ecinezelweyo (CNG) zikhupha amasuntswana amancinci kakhulu kunye nezingcolisi zomoya, ezifana nesulfure okanye initrogen oxides, xa kuthelekiswa nezo zisebenzisa idizili.
Irhasi yendalo nayo inezicelo ekuphuhliseni amafutha enziweyo, anokuba sisisombululo esitsha kumacandelo ekunzima ukuwafaka umbane, afana nenqwelomoya okanye uthutho lwaselwandle. Oku, kudityaniswe nokubanjwa kwekhabhoni kunye nokugcina itekhnoloji, kunokunciphisa ngakumbi unyawo lwakho lwekhabhoni.
Okokugqibela, irhasi yendalo njengesibaso esicocekileyo sokuvelisa umbane iye yanceda ukuqhubela phambili decarbonization yothungelwano lombane emhlabeni jikelele. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kumjikelo odityanisiweyo wezityalo zamandla obushushu kubonakalise ukuba yenye yeendlela ezicocekileyo nezisebenzayo zokuvelisa amandla kwimithombo yefosili.
Njengoko amazwe azibophelele ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kweCO2, icandelo lamandla liguqukele kwigesi yendalo njengendlela yokutshintsha ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo kufuneka iqhutywe ngononophelo, njengoko ihlala ingumthombo ongahlaziyekiyo kwaye ukuvuza kwemethane kuhlala kuyinkxalabo enkulu malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Ukuthathela ingqalelo konke oku, irhasi yendalo ihleli ilukhetho oluxabisekileyo kwixesha elifutshane ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zamandla, ngelixa sisiya kwikamva elinamandla acocekileyo, anjengelanga okanye umoya.